Saunders 1989.

Methods	Double blinded randomised controlled trial of oxytocin versus placebo.
Participants	226 Nulliparous women (108 intervention, 118 placebo) with epidural analgesia, 37‐42 weeks' gestation, singleton fetus in vertex presentation, fully dilated cervix, no oxytocin prior to randomisation.
Interventions	Oxytocin (initial dose 2 mU/min increasing to maximum of 16 mU/min) versus placebo.
Outcomes	Duration of second stage, mode of delivery, postpartum haemorrhage, fetal condition (Apgar scores, neonatal jaundice, nursery admission, cord pH).
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Described as random number allocation although sequencing not specified.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Sheffield: infusions of oxytocin added to saline or saline alone were prepared by the pharmacy. London: coded vials of oxytocin or saline alone were used which were added to the infusion by labour ward staff.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	All data accounted for.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	This cannot be assessed as there was no published protocol or trial registration.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Double blinded.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not stated.
Other bias	Low risk	None identified.