Bickell 1994.

Methods	Randomised controlled trial
Participants	598 trauma patients >16 years of age with penetrating injuries and hypotension Mean age = 31 years Exclusion: pregnancy, Revised Trauma Score = 0, minor injuries not requiring surgery
Interventions	1) 870ml of Ringer's solution pre‐hospital (n=309) 2) 92ml of Ringer's solution with IV cannulation pre‐hospital (n=289)
Outcomes	haemodynamic variables amount of fluids given intra‐operative blood loss post‐operative complications process of care death
Notes	Patients in both groups were treated with a standard paramedical protocol as appropriate until after IV cannulation. 22/289(8%) in delayed fluids group were inadvertently given fluids in violation of the protocol. Results were analysed as randomised on an intention‐to‐treat basis.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	High risk	Allocation by alternation ‐ odd and even numbered days of the month