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Diagram of Mendelian randomization analysis of serum uric acid level and multiple sclerosis. Abbreviations: MS = multiple sclerosis; SNP = single-nucleotide polymorphism; UA = uric acid. The three assumptions of the Mendelian randomization study are as follows: the SNPs associate with serum uric acid level (assumption IV1); the SNPs do not affect multiple sclerosis by other pathways (assumption IV2); and the SNPs are not associated with confounders (assumption IV3).
