Table 5.
Proteins (Interleukins, Trophic and Transcription Factors) Involved in ERM Pathogenesis
| Protein (Abbreviation) | Protein | Type of ERM Influenced |
|---|---|---|
| A1A | a1- antitrypsin | Idiopathic ERM [15, 39, 100] |
| a1ACT | a1-antichymotrypsin | Idiopathic ERM [15, 39, 100] |
| AHSG | a2-HS-glycoprotein | Idiopathic ERM [15, 39, 100] |
| ANGPT2 | Angiopoietin-2 | Idiopathic and secondary (PDR or PVR) ERM [43] |
| ANP | Atrial natriuretic peptide | Secondary (PVR) ERM [64] |
| AP-1 | Activator protein-1 | Idiopathic and secondary (PDR or PVR) ERM [43] |
| Apo A-1 | Apolipoprotein A-1 | Idiopathic ERM [15, 39, 100] |
| Apoj | Apolipoprotein J | Idiopathic ERM [15, 39, 100] |
| AQP1 | Aquaporin-1 | Idiopathic and secondary (PVR) ERM [103] |
| ATIII | Antithrombin III | Idiopathic ERM [15, 39, 100] |
| bFGF | Basic fibroblast growth factor | Idiopathic and secondary (PDR or PVR) ERM [15, 91] |
| C3 | Complement C3 | Idiopathic ERM [29] |
| C4A | Complement C4-A | Idiopathic ERM [29] |
| CCL2 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 | Idiopathic ERM [29] |
| CCL26 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 26 | ERM formation [63] |
| CCL27 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 27 | ERM formation [63] |
| CFB | Complement factor B | Idiopathic ERM [29] |
| CRYAB | Alpha B crystallin | Secondary (PDR) ERM [92] |
| CTGF | Connective tissue growth factor | Idiopathic ERM [29, 89] |
| CXCL6 | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6 | ERM formation [63] |
| CXCL10 | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 | ERM formation [63] |
| CXCL11 | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 | ERM formation [63] |
| EMP2 | Epithelial membrane protein-2 | Idiopathic and secondary (PVR) ERM [29] |
| ET | Endothelin | Idiopathic and secondary (PDR) ERM [6] |
| HGF | Hepatocyte growth factor | Idiopathic and secondary (PDR or PVR) ERM [43] |
| Hp | Haptoglobin-1 | Idiopathic ERM [15, 39, 100] |
| FGG | Fibrinogen γ chain | Idiopathic ERM [15, 39, 100] |
| FN | Fibronectin | Idiopathic and secondary (PDR) ERM [6] |
| GDNF | Glial cell line derived growth factor | Idiopathic [9, 15] and secondary (PDR or PVR) ERM [91] |
| GFAP | Glial fibrillary acidic protein | Idiopathic and secondary (PDR) ERM [22] |
| GFR𝛼1 | GDNF family receptor alpha-1 | Idiopathic ERMs [91] |
| GFR𝛼2 | GDNF family receptor alpha-2 | Secondary (PDR) ERM [91] |
| Hpx | Hemopexin | Idiopathic ERM [15, 39, 100] |
| ICAM-1 | Intracellular adhesion molecule 1 | Idiopathic ERM and secondary ERMs [16] |
| IGF | Insulin-like growth factor | Secondary (PDR) ERM [20, 46] |
| IgG | Immunoglobulin G | Idiopathic ERM [15, 39, 100] |
| IL-1b | Interleukin-1b | Idiopathic and secondary ERM [63] |
| IL-2 | Interleukin-2 | Idiopathic and secondary ERM [63] |
| IL-4 | Interleukin-4 | Idiopathic and secondary ERM [63] |
| IL-6 | Interleukin-6 | Idiopathic and secondary ERM [63] |
| IL-8 | Interleukin-8 | Idiopathic and secondary (PDR or PVR) ERM [43] |
| IL-10 | Interleukin-10 | Idiopathic and secondary ERM [63] |
| IL-13 | Interleukin-13 | Idiopathic and secondary ERM [63] |
| MCP-1 | Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 | Idiopathic and secondary (PDR or PVR) ERM [43] |
| NF-κB | Nuclear factor kappa-B | Idiopathic ERMs [50, 51] |
| NGF | Nerve growth factor | Idiopathic [9, 29] and secondary (PDR or PVR) ERM [91] |
| p75NTR | p75 neurotrophin receptor | Idiopathic and secondary (PDR or PVR) ERM [91] |
| PDGF | Platelet-derived growth factor | Idiopathic [9] and secondary ERM [65] |
| PDGF-A | Platelet-derived growth factor A | Idiopathic ERM [16] |
| PEDF | Pigment epithelium-derived factor | Idiopathic ERM [29] |
| POSTN | Periostin | Secondary (PVR) ERM [17] |
| SP1 | Specificity protein 1 | Secondary (PDR) ERM [79] |
| TF | Transferrin | Idiopathic ERM [15, 39, 100] |
| TGF-β | Transforming growth factor-β | Idiopathic and secondary ERM [18] |
| TGF-β1 | Transforming growth factor-β1 | Secondary (PDR and PVR) ERM [9, 18] |
| TGF-β2 | Transforming growth factor-β2 | idiopathic and secondary ERM [9, 15, 18] |
| TNF-a | Tumor necrosis factor alpha | Idiopathic and secondary ERM [63] |
| TrkA | Tropomyosin receptor kinase A | Idiopathic and secondary (PDR or PVR) ERM [91] |
| TrkB | Tropomyosin receptor kinase B | Idiopathic and secondary (PDR or PVR) ERM [91] |
| TrkC | Tropomyosin receptor kinase C | Idiopathic and secondary (PDR or PVR) ERM [91] |
| TTR | Transthyretin | Idiopathic ERM [15, 39, 100] |
| VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor | Idiopathic ERM [64] |
| VEGF-A | Vascular endothelial growth factor-A | Secondary (PDR) ERM [92] |
| VTN | Vitronectin | Idiopathic and secondary (PDR) ERM [6] |
| UBE2O | Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 O | Idiopathic ERM [29] |
Abbreviations: ERM: epiretinal membrane; A1A: a1- antitrypsin; a1ACT: a1-antichymotrypsin; AHSG: a2-HS-glycoprotein; ANGPT2: Angiopoietin-2; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PVR: proliferative vitreoretinopathy; ANP: Atrial natriuretic peptide; AP-1: Activator protein-1; Apo A-1 : Apolipoprotein A-1; Apoj: Apolipoprotein J; AQP1: Aquaporin-1 ; ATIII : Antithrombin III; bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; C3: Complement C3; C4A: Complement C4-A; CCL2: Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; CCL26: Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 26; CCL27: Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 27; CFB: Complement factor B; CRYAB: Alpha B crystalline; CTGF: Connective tissue growth factor; CXCL6: Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6; CXCL10: Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10; CXCL11: Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11; EMP2: Epithelial membrane protein-2; ET: Endothelin; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; Hp: Haptoglobin-1; FGG: Fibrinogen γ chain; FN: Fibronectin; GDNF: Glial cell line΄derived growth factor; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; GFRα1: GDNF family receptor alpha-1; GFRα2: GDNF family receptor alpha-2 Hpx: Hemopexin; ICAM-01: Intracellular adhesion molecule 1; IGF: Insulin-like growth factor; IgG: Immunoglobulin G; IL-1b: Interleukin-1b; IL-2: Interleukin-2; IL-4: Interleukin-4; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-8: Interleukin-8; IL-10: Interleukin-10; IL-13: Interleukin-13; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-B; NGF: Nerve growth factor; p75NTR: p75 neurotrophin receptor; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; PDGF-A: Platelet-derived growth factor-A; PEDF: Pigment epithelium-derived factor; POSTN: Periostin; SP1: Specificity protein 1; TF: Transferrin; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor-β1; TGF-β2: Transforming growth factor-β2; TNF-a: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; TrkA: Tropomyosin receptor kinase A; TrkB: Tropomyosin receptor kinase B; TrkC: Tropomyosin receptor kinase C; TTR: Transthyretin; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGF-A: Vascular endothelial growth factor-A; VTN: Vitronectin; UBE20: Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 O