Table 1.

Overview of the rationale for moving to case-based surveillance of AMR with full susceptibility profiles

Perspectives	Gaps in current AMR surveillance	Potential value added
		case-based surveillance	full susceptibility reporting
Clinical decision-making	Lack of direct link between aggregate microbiological data and specific clinical syndromes Limited information from aggregate data on isolates/samples and MDR to guide empirical treatment for individual patients	Improve knowledge of resistance profiles in patients with particular characteristics and syndromes Enhance surveillance data as evidence for tailored clinical guidelines	Provide direct estimates of the MDR patterns by type of infection Improve evidence for antibiotic selection in clinical practice
Public health practice	Insufficient information to interpret secular trends in AMR derived from isolate/sample-based surveillance data Inappropriate to use isolate/sample-based surveillance data to assess effectiveness of public health interventions because of potential biases Limited information on MDR	Provide more reliable information on AMR patterns and help to identify risk groups for resistant infections Provide more reliable information for evaluating the effectiveness of public health interventions against AMR	Facilitate microbial source-tracking of MDR bacteria Improve reporting for the incidence of AMR-related diseases by patient characteristic
Epidemiological research	Lack of critical information for further use of isolate/sample-based surveillance data in epidemiological analysis Incomparability of AMR patterns identified within and across settings because of different sampling, testing and reporting practices Potentially misleading public health interpretations of data	Facilitate epidemiological studies of risk factors for development of resistance and modelling studies of resistance dynamics	Provide clearly defined numerators and denominators for tracking AMR dynamics Facilitate better understanding of the association between resistance profiles and consumption of individual antibiotics or groups of antibiotics