Fig. 2.

Timeline of the development of the Sub1 flood-tolerant varieties from experiment to scaling up to impact. As developments on the research aspect of the Sub1 gene mechanistics and technology progressed, various advances evolved at the partnership and capacity development levels. Beyond scientific partnerships collaborating for product research and development, in 2006 National Agricultural Research and Education Systems were involved to scale up the seed dissemination capacity. Partnerships increased not only in number, but also in kind, and, by 2008, NGOs, farmer organizations, and private seed companies were also on board. Soon to follow, national government programmes and state governments, public and private seed companies, and international partners were also actively participating in extension, capacity building, and seed delivery systems. The enterprise was such a success that in 2013, 40 000 t of seeds were produced and 4 million farmers were adopting Sub1 varieties in various countries in South and South-east Asia. In the figure: kg=kilograms, T=tonnes, MT=‘000 tonnes, k=1000, M=million. After Bailey-Serres et al. (2010) and Mackill et al. (2012).