Table 2.

Univariate analysis of patient characteristics and new persistent opioid usage.

Variable	No Persistent Use, Total n = 2602	Persistent Opioid Use, Total n = 424	P-value
Age ≤ 64 years*	1345 (51.7%)	245 (57.8%)	0.021
Male sex*	1130 (43.4%)	226 (53.3%)	<0.001
Income ≤ $70,000*	1715 (65.9%)	311 (73.3%)	0.003
Anxiety	198 (7.6%)	29 (7.8%)	0.620
Depression	147 (5.6%)	26 (6.1%)	0.653
Substance Abuse*	423 (16.3%)	95 (22.4%)	0.003
Neoadjuvant Therapy	164 (6.3%)	32 (7.5%)	0.338
Surgical Approach
Thoracotomy*	1428 (54.8%)	294 (69.3%)
VATS	1126 (43.2%)	117 (27.6%)	<0.001
Unknown	48 (1.8%)	13 (3.1%)
Postoperative Length of Stay > 5 days*	852 (32.7%)	188 (44.3%)	<0.001
Adjuvant Therapy*	500 (19.2%)	157 (37.0%)	<0.001

VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. All variables marked with

^*were significant on univariate analysis and included in multivariable binary regression model.