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. 2020 Apr 6;10:5958. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62483-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Composite figure demonstrating factors that decrease plasma lutein concentration. (A) Sex effects on baseline plasma lutein concentration. Baseline plasma lutein concentrations in males are lower than females (t-test, p = 0.0546). (B) AMD subtype in fellow eyes and baseline plasma lutein concentration. Baseline plasma lutein concentration in typical AMD patients was significantly lower than that in PCV patients (t-test, p = 0.0195). PCV = polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. (C) Hypertension and baseline plasma lutein concentration. The plasma lutein concentration tended to differ in patients with or without hypertension. (t-test, p = 0.0520).