Table 2.
Summary of the patient characteristics of three phenotypes obtained after the cluster analysis of the discovery cohort.
| Discovery cohort | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient’s characteristics | Early onset predominantly female (N = 526) |
Adult onset predominantly female (N = 451) |
Adult onset predominantly male (N = 314) |
p values |
| Sex; % female | 70.7 | 70.7 | 32.5 | <0.001 |
| Age in years; mean (±SD) | 46.5 (15.1) | 60.5 (12.0) | 58.6 (15.1) | <0.001 |
| BMI; mean (±SD) | 26.9 (5.8) | 28.7 (6.0) | 27.3 (4.9) | <0.001 |
| Age of onset, % | ||||
| ≤15 years | 58.7 | 18.9 | 24.8 | <0.001 |
| 16–45 years | 33.1 | 47.1 | 35.9. | |
| ≥46 years | 8.1 | 34.0 | 39.3 | |
| Allergy against pollen or pets, % | 73.1 | 15.6 | 8.9 | <0.001 |
| Rhinitis, % | 90.2 | 81.0 | 23.3 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, % | 2.9 | 15.5 | 6.4 | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease, % | 9.5 | 64.3 | 18.8 | <0.001 |
| Depression and anxiety, % | 17.3 | 16.4 | 8.6 | 0.002 |
| Sleep apnea, % | 5.9 | 13.3 | 7.3 | <0.001 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux, % | 18.7 | 19.5 | 12.1 | 0.019 |
| Sinusitis, % | 34.1 | 13.3 | 10.1 | <0.001 |
| Night awakening last week, % | ||||
| Never | 61.8 | 71.1 | 80.7 | <0.001 |
| Once | 18.2 | 10.5 | 5.6 | |
| More than one | 20.0 | 18.4 | 13.7 | |
| Smoking, % | ||||
| Never | 68.5 | 35.7 | 67.0 | <0.001 |
| Ex | 20.4 | 50.8 | 27.2 | |
| Current | 11.2 | 13.5 | 5.8 | |
| Education level, % | ||||
| Compulsory school | 15.8 | 32.7 | 29.4 | <0.001 |
| Secondary school | 41.9 | 34.8 | 37.7 | |
| High education | 42.3 | 32.5 | 32.9 | |
| Physical activity, % | ||||
| Daily | 9.4 | 9.8 | 7.5 | 0.496 |
| Few times a week | 66.8 | 61.2 | 66.6 | |
| Once a month | 5.1 | 5.8 | 6.2 | |
| Less | 15.1 | 23.3 | 19.8 | |
Age and BMI were tested by ANOVA, other variables were tested by the chi-square test. The p values were adjusted according to the Benjamini & Hochberg method and considered significant when <0.05.