Figure 6.

Diagram of experimental setup and potential magnetic field effects. A hypothetical cell layer with cartoon proteoglycans depicted on cell surfaces is shown above a magnetic platform from which circuit-driven pulsed B-field lines (shown pointing upward through the cell layer) are inducing EMFs, which may generate torsional forces on charged cell surface glycocalyx molecules. The latter may include anionic molecules, such as sulfated proteoglycans (τ-shaped symbols on cell surfaces) or sialic acid (diamond shaped) modifications that cap cell-surface glycoproteins, either or both of which are commonly upregulated in tumor cells. The EMFs may theoretically occur with variable strength depending on the bounded area through which the magnetic field fluxes as well as the magnitude of dB/dt. The magnified section shows potential biological effects on tumor cells, which appear from the findings herein to include membrane disruption and leak as well as altered viability.