TABLE 3.

Studies of using injectable hydrogels to formulate 3D structure for treating cardiovascular diseases.

Biomaterial	Formed 3D material	Loaded cells	Loaded time	Survival rate	References
Alginate	3D hydrogel-based vascular	L929 mouse fibroblasts	7 days	>90%	Gao et al., 2017
3D printable MEGEL/PEGDA3350/alginate hydrogel	3D hydrogel culture environment	HADMSC/HAVIC/HASSMC/	3 days	95%/93%/93%	Kang et al., 2017
Chitosan	3D hydrogel culture environment	NSCs/ECs	2 days	Survival rate in 3D hydrogel culture environment than that in 2D	Han H. W. et al., 2019
Plated PEGylated fibrin	3D hydrogel culture environment	HL-1 CMs	3 days	Increased cell retention and reduced scar tissue	Geuss et al., 2015

3D printable MEGEL/PEGDA3350/alginate hydrogel, extrusion 3D printable mixture of methacrylated gelatin/poly-ethylene glycol diacrylate/alginate (MEGEL/PEGDA3350/alginate); PEG, Polyethylene glycol; HADMSC, human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells; HAVIC, human aortic valve interstitial cells; HASSMC, human aortic valve sinus smooth muscle cells; NSCs, neural stem cells; ECs: endothelial cells; CMs, cardiomyocytes.