Table 2.

Clinical and demographic variables associated with upper FTB, as measured with a wall goniometer.

Dependent variable	Independent variables	Total* sample	Unadjusted			Adjusted
			OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value
Limitations in ADLs
	Number of patients	188
	Sex, males vs. females∧		0.99	0.5–.84	0.98	1.76	0.8–.82	0.15
	Modified H&Y stage		5.01	2.99–8.38	<0.0005	4.34	2.47–7.61	<0.0005
	Disease duration, y		1.15	1.08–1.23	<0.0005	1.08	1.00–1.17	0.049
	Degrees		1.06	1.02–1.09	0.001	1.02	0.98–1.06	0.38
Motor impairment
	Number of patients	188
	Sex, males vs. females∧		1.14	0.62–2.10	0.67	1.56	0.80–3.02	0.19
	Modified H&Y stage		2.13	1.44–3.15	<0.0005	2.43	1.53–3.85	<0.0005
	Disease duration, y		1.02	0.97–1.07	0.46	0.96	0.91–1.03	0.27
	Degrees		1.02	0.99- 1.06	0.13	1.01	0.97–1.04	0.64
Back pain
	Number of patients	188
	Sex, males vs. females∧		0.67	0.36–1.24	0.20	0.78	0.41–1.49	0.47
	Modified H&Y stage		1.81	1.24–2.64	0.002	1.63	1.06–2.49	0.026
	Disease duration, y		1.05	0.99–1.11	0.06	1.02	0.96–1.08	0.49
	Degrees		1.02	0.99–1.06	0.14	1.00	0.97–1.04	0.73
Falls
	Number of patients	188
	Sex, males vs. females∧		1.16	0.57–2.34	0.68	1.43	0.68–2.99	0.34
	Modified H&Y stage		1.77	1.17–2.67	0.006	2.06	1.27–3.32	0.003
	Disease duration, y		1.02	0.96–1.07	0.58	0.98	0.92–1.05	0.61
	Degrees		1	0.96–1.04	0.97	0.98	0.94–1.02	0.41

CI, confidence interval; H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr; OR, Odds Ratio; PAD, Parkinson disease; ∧, denotes the reference category; FTB, forward trunk bending;

^*The total sample included the isolated upper FTB (n = 175) and combined forms (upper + lower FTB, n = 13); significant associations in bold at p < 0.05.