Table 1.
Summary of the demographic characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Study | BD (female) | State | HCs (female) | Mean age ± SD |
Subtype | Illness duration | Medicated (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BD | HCs | |||||||||
| Dickstein et al. 2010 [80] | 15(5) | BDR | 15 (8) | 13.7 ± 3.3 | 14.0 ± 3.1 | BD-I | – | 100% | ||
| Chai et al. 2011 [101] | 14 (5) | BDA-mania | 15 (6) | 32.7 ± 3.0 | 37.3 ± 2.4 | BD-I | – | 100% | ||
| Torrisi et al. 2013 [102] | 20 (10) | BDR | 20 (10) | 42.1 ± 11.4 | 39.8 ± 12.6 | BD-I | 22.7 ± 11 Y | 85% | ||
| Najt et al. 2013 [103] | 13 (7) | BDR | 15 (6) | 43.08 ± 11.37 | 36.13 ± 12.13 | BD-I | – | 100% | ||
| Reinke et al. 2013 [104] | 21 (9) | BDR | 20 (8) | 35.67 ± 10.68 | 36.9 ± 11.06 | NA | – | 100% | ||
| Favre et al. 2014 [105] | 20 (10) | BDR | 20 (10) | 42.0 ± 10.7 | 43.7 ± 11.1 | BD-I = 13, BD-II=5, NOS=2 | 15.6 ± 9.3 Y | 100% | ||
| Knochel et al. 2014 [106] | 21 (9) | BDR | 21 (9) | 35.67 ± 10.68 | 36.95 ± 11.10 | BD-I | 7.62 ± 5.82 Y | 100% | ||
| Anticevic et al. 2014 [107] | 40 (32) | BDR | 56 (32) | 30.2 ± 11.5 | 31.25 ± 10.3 | NA | 11.48 ± 9.1 Y | 82% | ||
| Stoddard et al. 2015 [108] | 14 (3) | BDR | 20 (11) | 14.6 ± 2.5 | 14.3 ± 2.3 | BD-I = 11, BD-II=3 | – | 71% | ||
| Li ML et al. 2015a [82] | 10 (3) | BDA-depression | 28 (12) | 30.90 ± 8.94 | 31.05 ± 7.53 | BD-I = 7, BD-II=3 | 79.80 ± 78.59 M | 100% | ||
| Li ML et al. 2015b [82] | 18 (8) | BDA-mania | 28 (12) | 31.67 ± 6.98 | BD-I = 16, BD-II=2 | 62.89 ± 74.24 M | 100% | |||
| Magioncalda et al. 2015 [46] | 40 (27) | BDA-depression=11, BDA-mania=11, BDA-mixed=7, BDR=11 | 40 (26) | 44.6 ± 11.8 | 43.9 ± 12.8 | BD-I | 20 ± 11.4 M | 97.5% | ||
| Oertel-Knöchel et al. 2015 [109] | 21 (9) | BDR | 20 (8) | 35.67 ± 10.68 | 36.90 ± 11.06 | BD-I = 21 | 7.62 ± 5.82 Y | 100% | ||
| Singh et al. 2015 [61] | 20 (11) | BDA-mania | 23 (14) | 17.21 ± 1.89 | 16.86 ± 1.43 | BD-I = 20 | – | 100% | ||
| Lui et al. 2015 [110] | 57 (39) | BDR | 59 (33) | 34 ± 13 | 38 ± 17 | NA | 16.89 ± 12.71 Y | 100% | ||
| Li ct et al. 2015 [79] | 20 (6) | BDR | 20 (7) | 41.6 ± 11.3 | 41.8 ± 10.6 | BD-I = 20 | 16.1 ± 10.3 Y | 100% | ||
| Martino et al. 2016a [81] | 21 (18) | BDA-mania | 42 (27) | 45.6 ± 11.8 | 44.3 ± 12.7 | BD-I | 20.9 ± 14.6 Y | 99% | ||
| Martino et al. 2016b [81] | 20 (13) | BDA-depression | 42 (27) | 44.9 ± 10.9 | 44.3 ± 12.7 | BD-I | 19.5 ± 10.8 Y | 100% | ||
| Martino et al. 2016c [81] | 20 (12) | BDR | 42 (27) | 43.1 ± 11 | 44.3 ± 12.7 | BD-I | 18.2 ± 9 Y | 99% | ||
| Lv et al. 2016a [111] | 23 (13) | BDA-depression | 28 (15) | 26.17 ± 4.42 | 24.82 ± 6.62 | NA | 53.81 ± 45.37 M | 86.95% | ||
| Lv et al. 2016b [111] | 19 (9) | BDR | 28 (15) | 27.79 ± 6.71 | 24.82 ± 6.62 | NA | 65.33 ± 55.59 M | 100% | ||
| Altinay et al. 2016a [83] | 30 (17) | BDA-depression | 30 (18) | 34 ± 11 | 31 ± 10 | BD-I = 12, BD-II=18 | 35 ± 30 W | 0% | ||
| Altinay et al. 2016b [83] | 30 (19) | BDA-mania | 30 (18) | 33 ± 11 | 31 ± 10 | BD-I = 16, BD-II=14 | 25 ± 32 W | 0% | ||
| Brady et al. 2016a [13] | 28 (8) | BDA-mania | 23 (7) | 27.5 ± 10.7 | 29.7 ± 10.9 | BD-I | – | 89% | ||
| Brady et al. 2016b [13] | 24 (8) | BDR | 23 (7) | 30.9 ± 11.9 | 29.7 ± 10.9 | BD-I | – | 95.8% | ||
| Ambrosi et al. 2017 [14] | 36 (20) | BDA-depression | 40 (16) | 31.0 ± 11.3 | 35.5 ± 14.4 | BD-1, BD-II | – | 100% | ||
| Li J et al. 2017 [112] | 46 (18) | BDR | 66 (30) | 31.5 ± 9.7 | 31.6 ± 9.4 | NA | 55.58 ± 60.5 M | 78.26% | ||
| Minuzzi et al. 2017 [76] | 32 (32) | BDR | 36 (36) | 29.0 ± 8.07 | 32.8 ± 8.32 | BD-I = 18, BD-II=14 | 18.63 ± 6.8 Y | 100% | ||
| Chen LX et al. 2018 [15] | 43 (26) | BDA-depression | 47 (25) | 27.9 ± 9.1 | 29.7 | BD-II=43 | 34.2 ± 54.8 M | 0% | ||
| Gong et al. 2018 [47] | 96 (44) | BDA-depression | 100 (55) | 27.33 ± 9.2 | 29.32 ± 9.01 | BD-II=96 | 47.84 ± 61.05 M | 44.79% | ||
| Whittaker et al. 2018 [113] | 35 (22) | BDR | 23 (14) | 44.71 ± 5.51 | 44.00 ± 4.48 | BD-I = 16, BD-II=19 | – | 88.6% | ||
| Li GZ et al. 2018 [114] | 19 (9) | BDR | 25 (10) | 38.79 ± 12.03 | 33.40 ± 8.21 | BD-I = 6, BD-II=13 | 3.95 ± 3.30 Y | 100% | ||
| Wang et al. 2018 [115] | 25 (16) | BDR | 25 (17) | 28.55 ± 9.76 | 28.65 ± 9.66 | BD-II=25 | 40.20 ± 44.86 M | 100% | ||
| Yin et al. 2018 [77] | 21 (11) | BDA-depression | 70 (39) | 29.29 ± 8.35 | 29.36 ± 8.082 | NA | NA | 42.86% | ||
| Chen GM et al. 2019 [85] | 90 (42) | BDA-depression | 100 (55) | 26.74 ± 8.73 | 28.32 ± 0.01 | BD-II=90 | 48 ± 61.54 M | 0% | ||
| He et al. 2019 [84] | 25 (12) | BDA-depression | 34 (18) | 34.28 ± 8.65 | 33.53 ± 11.08 | BD-1 = 14, BD-II=11 | – | 84% | ||
| Total | 1047 | 1081 | ||||||||
Abbreviations: bipolar disorder (BD), healthy controls (HCs), standard deviation (SD), not available (NA), BD in remission (BDR), BD in acute state (BDA), not otherwise specified (NOS).