Table 1.

dsRNA-binding proteins

dsRNA-binding proteins	dsRNA-binding domains	Best-known functions	Effect on other dsRNA-binding proteins	Disease implication
RLRs	Helicase domain, C-terminal domain	Antiviral signal activation	Induce PKR, OASes, and ADARs through interferon signaling	Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, Singleton-Merten syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus
PKR	dsRBDs	Translational suppression	Amplifies RLR signaling	Unknown
OASes, RNase L	NTase domains	Translational suppression	Amplify RLR signaling	Unknown
ADARs	dsRBDs	RNA editing and resolving dsRNA structure	Suppress RLRs, PKR, OASes; assist Dicer	Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome
Dicer, Drosha	PAZ, dsRBDs, RNase III, helicase domain	Processing dsRNAs	Inhibit RLRs	Age-related macular degeneration, polyglutamine diseases
PACT, TRBP	dsRBDs	Regulate PKR, Dicer, and RLRs	Inhibit PKR, promote Dicer and RLRs	Dystonia
Helicases (besides RLRs and Dicer)	Helicase domains and others	Regulate dsRNA-dependent immunity	Unknown	Unknown

Abbreviations: ADAR, adenosine deaminases acting on RNA; dsRBD, dsRNA-binding domain; NTase, nucleotide transferase; OASes, oligoadenylate synthases; PAZ, Piwi Argonaute and Zwille; PKR, protein kinase R; RLR, RIG-I-like receptor; RNase, ribonuclease.