Table 4.
Association Between Treatment Regimens and Exacerbations After Adjusting for Multiple Risk Factors
| Adjusted IRR | p-value | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LAMA-LABA | Reference | |||
| LABA-ICS | 0.82 | 0.00 | 0.73 | 0.93 |
| Triple therapy | 0.99 | 0.84 | 0.88 | 1.11 |
| Prevalent use | 1.09 | 0.00 | 1.05 | 1.14 |
| Incident use | 1.09 | 0.12 | 0.98 | 1.21 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | Reference | |||
| Male | 1.07 | 0.00 | 1.03 | 1.11 |
| Age | ||||
| 35–65 years | Reference | |||
| 65–75 years | 1.05 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 1.09 |
| ≥75 years | 1.11 | 0.00 | 1.06 | 1.16 |
| BMI | ||||
| Normal | Reference | |||
| Underweight | 1.11 | 0.01 | 1.03 | 1.21 |
| Overweight | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 1.04 |
| Obese | 0.96 | 0.06 | 0.92 | 1.00 |
| Smoking history | ||||
| Current | Reference | |||
| Ex | 0.95 | 0.01 | 0.92 | 0.99 |
| MRC score | ||||
| 0 | Reference | |||
| 1 | 1.20 | 0.00 | 1.13 | 1.28 |
| 2 | 1.32 | 0.00 | 1.23 | 1.40 |
| 3 | 1.41 | 0.00 | 1.32 | 1.51 |
| 4 | 1.63 | 0.00 | 1.47 | 1.79 |
| GOLD spirometry | ||||
| 1 | Reference | |||
| 2 | 1.02 | 0.31 | 0.98 | 1.06 |
| 3 | 1.11 | 0.00 | 1.06 | 1.16 |
| 4 | 1.21 | 0.00 | 1.11 | 1.31 |
| Past exacerbations | ||||
| None | Reference | |||
| 1 exac | 1.76 | 0.00 | 1.69 | 1.84 |
| >1 | 3.12 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 3.24 |
| SABA use | ||||
| None | Reference | |||
| 1 | 1.23 | 0.00 | 1.15 | 1.32 |
| 2 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 1.27 | 1.45 |
| ≥3 | 1.54 | 0.00 | 1.44 | 1.65 |
| Eosinophils (x10S/L) | ||||
| ≤ 0.3 | Reference | |||
| >0.3 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 1.04 |
| Pneumonia | 1.17 | 0.00 | 1.07 | 1.27 |
| Asthma | 1.04 | 0.03 | 1.01 | 1.08 |
| Heart failure | 1.10 | 0.00 | 1.03 | 1.17 |
| IHD | 1.04 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 1.09 |
| Stroke | 1.10 | 0.00 | 1.04 | 1.17 |
| Bronchiectasis | 1.13 | 0.00 | 1.05 | 1.21 |
| Depression | 1.09 | 0.00 | 1.05 | 1.13 |
| Anxiety | 1.09 | 0.00 | 1.05 | 1.14 |
Note: All variables listed in the table were included in the multivariable model.
Abbreviations: LABA, long-acting beta-agonist; LAMA, long-acting antimuscarinic antagonist; Triple therapy, LAMA+LABA+ICS; SABA, short-acting beta-agonist; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; BMI, body mass index.