Table 2. . Immunotherapeutic strategies to treat hepatocellular carcinoma.

Immunotherapy	Application details	Mode of action
Immune checkpoint blockade	Antibodies (pembrolizumab Ipilimumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab and others)	Inhibition of specific receptors and receptor ligands (PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4 and others) to booster antitumor immune responses
Vaccines	Antigenic peptides/proteins	Tumor-associated antigens are targeted to overcome immune tolerance
Cell therapy	Cytokine-induced killer cells, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes Chimeric antigen receptor T cells	Transfer of tumor-specific T cells from a healthy individual into HCC patients Patient-derived T cells are modified ex vivo and retransferred into the donor (HCC patient)

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.