Table 4.
The relationship between the socio-demographic and health-related characteristics of survey respondents and their prompted cancer risk factor awareness (linear regression)
| Multiple linear regression | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Difference in mean (95% CI) | p | Adjusted differnce in meana (95% CI) | p | |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 7.4 (2.7) | Reference | Reference | 0.716 | |
| Female | 7.5 (2.8) | 0.16 (− 0.09; 0.41) | 0.201 | − 0.05 (− 0.33; 0.23) | |
| Age | |||||
| 40–49 years | 7.6 (2.6) | Reference | Reference | ||
| 50–59 years | 7.1 (3.0) | − 0.57 (− 0.86, − 0.27) | < 0.001 | −0.44 (− 0.74; − 0.14) | 0.003 |
| 60 + years | 7.1 (2.8) | −0.58 (− 1.00; − 0.17) | 0.006 | −0.27 (− 0.70; 0.16) | 0.22 |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Malay | 8.0 (2.5) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Chinese | 6.8 (3.0) | −1.23 (− 1.49; −0.97) | < 0.001 | −1.36 (− 1.62; − 1.10) | < 0.001 |
| Indian | 7.4 (2.3) | − 0.60 (− 1.05; − 0.15) | 0.008 | −0.79 (− 1.24; − 0.34) | < 0.001 |
| Others | 7.0 (2.6) | −1.03 (− 1.76; − 0.29) | 0.006 | −0.79 (− 1.53; − 0.06) | 0.034 |
| Education level | |||||
| No formal education | 4.9 (3.5) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Primary | 7.2 (3.0) | 2.31 (1.22; 3.40) | < 0.001 | 2.44 (1.34; 3.55) | < 0.001 |
| Secondary | 7.4 (2.8) | 2.6 (1.56; 3.60) | < 0.001 | 2.69 (1.61; 3.76) | < 0.001 |
| Tertiary | 7.7 (2.5) | 2.81 (1.78; 3.84) | < 0.001 | 2.95 (1.85; 4.05) | < 0.001 |
| Marital Status | |||||
| Married | 7.5 (2.8) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Not married | 7.5 (2.6) | 0.03 (−0.35; 0.41) | 0.868 | −0.20 (−0.58; 0.17) | 0.291 |
| Transport ownership | |||||
| None | 7.3 (3.2) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes, one | 7.5 (2.7) | 0.24 (−0.35; 0.83) | 0.428 | −0.28 (− 0.89; 0.33) | 0.369 |
| Yes, more than one | 7.4 (2.7) | 0.15 (−0.45; 0.75) | 0.633 | −0.56 (−1.19; 0.07) | 0.079 |
| Smoking | |||||
| Current smoker | 7.0 (2.8) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Ex-smoker | 7.5 (3.1) | 0.45 (−0.13; 1.02) | 0.128 | 0.35 (−0.21; 0.92) | 0.218 |
| Never smoked | 7.6 (2.7) | 0.56 (0.24; 0.88) | 0.001 | 0.68 (0.34; 1.03) | < 0.001 |
| Self-related health | |||||
| Fair to very poor | 7.3 (2.8) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Good to very good | 7.5 (2.7) | 0.26 (−0.02; 0.53) | 0.066 | 0.23 (− 0.04; 0.50) | 0.095 |
| Access to doctor | |||||
| Easy | 7.5 (2.7) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Difficult | 7.3 (2.9) | −0.11 (−0.73; 0.50) | 0.719 | −0.16; (− 0.76; 0.45) | 0.612 |
| Experience with cancer | |||||
| Yes | 7.3 (3.0) | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 7.5 (2.7) | 0.18 (−0.13; 0.49) | 0.249 | −0.02 (− 0.29; 0.33) | 0.902 |
aModel contains gender, age groups (in categories as shown in Table 1), ethnicity, education level, marital status, household ownership of motorised vehicle, smoking status, self-reported health, access to doctors and experience of cancer