Table 4.
Subgroup analyses of studies using different TM patterns
| Outcome | TM pattern | No. of trials | Pooled effect | Heterogeneity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect size | 95% CI | P | I2 | P | |||
| Change in HbA1c | Group 1 | 5 | MD = -0.34 | (−0.67, −0.01) | 0.04 | 94 | < 0.01 |
| Group 2 | 3 | MD = -0.63 | (−1.11, −0.14) | 0.01 | 83 | < 0.01 | |
| Change in FBG | Group 1 | 8 | MD = -0.25 | (−0.43, −0.08) | < 0.01 | 56 | 0.03 |
| Group 2 | 4 | MD = -0.29 | (− 0.65, 0.06) | 0.11 | 84 | < 0.01 | |
| Group 3 | 6 | MD = -0.64 | (−1.26, −0.02) | 0.04 | 94 | < 0.01 | |
| Change in 2hBG | Group 1 | 4 | MD = -0.29 | (−0.70, 0.11) | 0.15 | 26 | 0.26 |
| Group 2 | 4 | MD = -0.60 | (−1.92, 0.72) | 0.37 | 97 | < 0.01 | |
| Group 3 | 5 | MD = -1.55 | (−2.29, −0.81) | 0.02 | 92 | < 0.01 | |
| Caesarean section | Group 1 | 10 | RR = 0.96 | (0.73, 1.27) | 0.77 | 65 | < 0.01 |
| Group 2 | 3 | RR = 0.67 | (0.57, 0.92) | 0.01 | 0 | 0.50 | |
| Group 4 | 5 | RR = 0.67 | (0.57, 0.80) | < 0.01 | 0 | 0.73 | |
| PIH or preeclampsia | Group 1 | 7 | RR = 0.69 | (0.44, 1.08) | 0.10 | 16 | 0.31 |
| Group 3 | 3 | RR = 0.44 | (0.35, 0.56) | < 0.01 | 0 | 0.98 | |
| Premature rupture of membranes | Group 1 | 4 | RR = 0.76 | (0.40, 1.44) | 0.40 | 22 | 0.28 |
| Macrosomia | Group 1 | 7 | RR = 0.95 | (0.55, 1.65) | 0.85 | 32 | 0.19 |
| Group 2 | 5 | RR = 0.43 | (0.20, 0.92) | 0.03 | 48 | 0.10 | |
| Group 3 | 3 | RR = 0.21 | (0.09, 0.48) | < 0.01 | 61 | 0.08 | |
| Group 4 | 3 | RR = 0.44 | (0.27, 0.71) | < 0.01 | 0 | 0.64 | |
| Neonatal hypoglycaemia | Group 1 | 7 | RR = 1.20 | (0.81, 1.78) | 0.36 | 0 | 82.4 |
| Group 2 | 3 | RR = 0.36 | (0.22, 0.60) | < 0.01 | 0 | 0.78 | |
| Preterm birth | Group 1 | 7 | RR = 0.42 | (0.22, 0.80) | < 0.01 | 20 | 0.27 |
| Group 3 | 3 | RR = 0.21 | (0.13, 0.32) | < 0.01 | 16 | 0.30 | |
| Polyhydramnios | Group 3 | 3 | RR = 0.17 | (0.09, 0.32) | < 0.01 | 0 | 0.92 |
| Admission to NICU | Group 1 | 7 | RR = 0.88 | (0.56, 1.40) | 0.60 | 20 | 0.28 |
| Neonatal jaundice or hyperbilirubinemia | Group 1 | 5 | RR = 1.09 | (0.69, 1.71) | 0.71 | 0 | 0.72 |
| NARDS | Group 1 | 4 | RR = 0.81 | (0.37, 1.77) | 0.60 | 0 | 0.47 |
Group 1: real-time monitoring and feedback, Group 2: health education and question answering, Group 3: real-time monitoring and feedback + health education and question answering, Group 4: real-time monitoring and feedback + health education and question answering + peer support
GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, 2hBG 2-h postprandial blood glucose, FBG fasting blood glucose, PIH pregnancy-induced hypertension, NICU neonatal intensive care unit, RR relative risk, CI confidence interval, MD mean difference, TM telemedicine