Table 3.

Differentially expressed circulating miRNAs in gestational hypertension and their effects in heart disease

miRNA	Regulation in human pregnancy	Ref.	Heart disease	Mechanism and outcome	Ref.
miR-29a	↑ serum	[194]	Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	↑ miR-29a → ↑ cardiac hypertrophy, ↑fibrosis	[169, 170]
			Mouse TAC	↓ miR-29a → ↓ cardiac hypertrophy, ↓fibrosis	[170]
			ET-1 in H9c2 cardiomyocytes	↓ NFATc4 → ↓ cardiomyocyte hypertrophy	[171]
miR-125-5p	↓ plasma	[184]	Mouse LAD ligation	↓ bak1, ↓ klf13 → ↓ cardiomyocyte apoptosis	[139]
miR-181a	↑ serum	[194]	Human with AMI or unstable angina	↑ oxidative stress marker lipid hydroperoxide	[195]
			Rat LAD ligation	↓ TGF-β type III receptor in cardiac fibroblasts → ↑ collagen I, ↑ fibronectin	[196]
			Rat abdominal aortic constriction	↓ miR-181a → ↑ ATG5 → ↑ hypertrophy	[197]

AMI acute myocardial infarction, ATG5 autophagy-related 5, GH gestational hypertension, LAD left anterior descending, MI myocardial infarction, miR microRNA, TGF-β transforming growth factor-beta