Figure 4.

(A) Pressure-volume area (PVA) is the sum of stroke work (SW, the area bounded within the PV loop) and potential energy (PE, area bounded by the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship and end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship). (B) Myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO₂) is linearly correlated with PVA and is divided into 3 major components. (C) Heart rate has a minimal impact on the beat-to-beat relationship between PVA and MVO₂, (D) but these small differences are amplified when considering the relationship between PVA and MVO₂ per minute. Burkhoff D, Dickstein ML, Schleicher T. Harvi – Online. Retrieved from http://harvi.online. Date of access: 2019 Nov 21. LV: left ventricular