Fig. 12.

Effect of zanamivir on attachment and invasion of epithelial cells during multispecies infection. Antibiotic protection assays were performed in the presence or absence of 10 mM zanamivir (thatched and black bars, respectively) with different combinations of T. forsythia, F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis to establish host-cell association in each instance. (a) T. forsythia+F. nucleatum. (b) T. forsythia +P. gingivalis. (c) F. nucleatum+P. gingivalis. (d) T. forsythia, F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis . Bacterial attachment, invasion and total association with host cells was normalized to the number of bacteria that were used to infect each condition that had survived the duration of the assay (the percentage of viable bacteria). Zanamivir=10 mM zanamivir present during host-cell exposure to bacteria. Data represent the mean from three experimental repeats, and each condition was repeated in triplicate during each experiment. Error bars, sem, Significance determined by paired t-test, *P=<0.05, **P=<0.01. ***P=<0.001.