Table 1.
Baseline Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of the Study Population by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status
| Study Participants, No. (%)a | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic at Baseline | HIV Negative (n = 445) | HIV Positive (n = 102) | P Valueb |
| Age at enrollment, median (IQR), y | 37 (26–51) | 37 (29–45) | .60 |
| Male sex | 276 (62) | 76 (75) | .02 |
| Site | |||
| Manaus | 38 (9) | 69 (68) | <.01 |
| Caxias | 111 (25) | 4 (4) | |
| INI | 63 (14) | 27 (27) | |
| Rocinha | 84 (19) | 1 (1) | |
| Salvador | 149 (34) | 1 (1) | |
| Race | |||
| White or other | 112 (25) | 24 (24) | <.01 |
| Black | 142 (32) | 15 (15) | |
| Mixed | 191 (43) | 63 (62) | |
| Household income | |||
| Minimum wage or below | 204 (46) | 37 (36) | .21 |
| Above minimum wage | 154 (35) | 42 (41) | |
| None or not reported | 87 (20) | 23 (23) | |
| Tobacco use | |||
| Current | 102 (23) | 17 (17) | <.01 |
| Former | 98 (22) | 42 (41) | |
| Never | 245 (55) | 43 (42) | |
| Alcohol use | |||
| Current | 215 (48) | 30 (29) | <.01 |
| Former | 151 (34) | 63 (62) | |
| Never | 79 (18) | 9 (9) | |
| BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 20.3 (18.4–22.5) | 20.5 (18.4–22.9) | .61 |
| BMI group | |||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 121 (27) | 29 (28) | .55 |
| Normal weight (18.5–25 kg/m2) | 278 (63) | 59 (58) | |
| Overweight (≥25 kg/m2) | 46 (10) | 14 (14) | |
| HbA1c, median (IQR), % (n = 591) | 5.8 (5.4–6.3) | 5.7 (5.2–6.2) | .03 |
| HbA1c category | |||
| Normal (<5.7%) | 217 (49) | 52 (52) | .24 |
| Prediabetes (5.7%–6.5%) | 126 (29) | 34 (34) | |
| Diabetes (≥6.5%) | 97 (22) | 15 (15) | |
| Hemoglobin, median (IQR), g/dL (n = 593) | 12.4 (11.3–13.5) | 10.4 (8.7–11.8) | <.01 |
| Anemia categoryc | |||
| None | 214 (49) | 15 (15) | <.01 |
| Mild | 136 (31) | 25 (25) | |
| Moderate | 83 (19) | 46 (45) | |
| Severe | 7 (2) | 16 (16) | |
| Self-reported DOT (n = 594) | 224 (51) | 63 (62) | .05 |
| Positive smear result (n = 595) | 375 (85) | 66 (65) | <.01 |
| Lung cavitation (n = 588) | 272 (62) | 28 (29) | <.01 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DOT, directly observed therapy; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; INI, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas; IQR, interquartile range.
aData represent no. (column %) of participants unless otherwise specified.
b P values determined with Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous and χ 2 test for categorical variables, comparing persons with and without HIV.
cAnemia categories were defined as follows: none, ≥13 g/dL for men and ≥12 g/dL for women; mild, 11–13 g/dL for men and 11–12 g/dL for women; moderate, 8–11 g/dL for both sexes; and severe,<8 g/dL for both sexes.