Figure 5.

Cytokine responses after live-attenuated influenza vaccination (LAIV) in tonsillar mononuclear cells (TMCs). The TMCs were isolated from nonvaccinated controls and from vaccinees at 3, 7, and 14 days after immunization with LAIV. The TMCs were stimulated for 72 hours with a mixture of split virus antigens from influenza A H1N1, influenza A H3N2, and B vaccine strains, and supernatants were analyzed by multiplex for the presence of cytokines. The Th1 (interleukin [IL]-2 [A], interferon [IFN]-γ [B], and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α [C]), Th2 (IL-4 [D], IL-5 [E], IL-10 [F], and IL-13 [G]), and Th17 (IL-17 [H], granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF] [I]). Each symbol shows the influenza-specific cytokine response of 1 subject, and the horizontal lines represent the mean ± standard error of the mean. Statistical significance between the cytokine responses in nonvaccinated controls and vaccinated subjects was determined by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparisons test. *, P < .01.