| Methods |
Three‐mo multicenter parallel trial with third xamoterol arm; endpoints—EX, symptoms, signs |
| Participants |
213 pts; median age 62; 38% male; 25% Class I, 62% Class II, 13% Class III; 22% on diuretics, none on ACEI or beta‐blockers; prior dig Rx in 46%; dx—unspecified in 76% of pts |
| Interventions |
dig dosage 0.25 mg/d, mean plasma dig level 0.87 ng/mL |
| Outcomes |
for dig versus pla, no significant difference in EX; symptoms: Likert but not VAS improved by dig; signs: edema & rales improved by dig, but not JVP or hepatomegaly |
| Notes |
blind allocation—yes
blinded to outcomes—?
baselines comparable—yes
loss to follow‐up—?
dig titrated to level—no |
| Risk of bias |
| Bias |
Authors' judgement |
Support for judgement |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) |
Low risk |
A—Adequate |
