Leach 2001.

Methods	Randomized, blinded, crossover study comparing the effect of three different stimulus settings (off, standard, and rapid stimulation). Each treatment phase lasted 6 months and seizure frequency was monitored.
Participants	21 patients with refractory epilepsy were randomised and were treated with adjunctive VNS Therapy. Median age was 25 years; median duration of epilepsy was 21 years.
Interventions	VNS therapy.
Outcomes	Efficacy was evaluated as reduction in seizure frequency. Median reduction in GTC seizures during standard and rapid stimulation was 31 and 24% respectively. Median reduction in complex partial seizures was 0 during rapid stimulation and 50% during standard stimulation and 50% during rapid stimulation. 3 patients were withdrawn from the study because of adverse events; 1 patient withdrew because of worsening seizures; 2 withdrew consent and there were an additional 2 protocol violations.
Notes