Comparison 1. Antibiotics versus no intervention/placebo.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Mortality	12	1241	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.63, 0.98]
2 Mortality from bacterial infections	6	761	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.19, 0.97]
3 Bacterial infections	12	1241	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.36 [0.27, 0.49]
4 Bacteremia	9	987	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.25 [0.15, 0.40]
5 Pneumonia	9	1041	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.45 [0.27, 0.75]
6 Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis	8	890	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.29 [0.15, 0.57]
7 Urinary tract infections	9	1098	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.23 [0.13, 0.41]
8 Other infections	3	257	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.12, 1.56]
9 Drop outs before end of study	8	919	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.07 [0.76, 1.51]
10 Mortality according to trial sample size	12	1241	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.63, 0.98]
10.1 Sample size smaller than 101 patients	5	340	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.71 [0.44, 1.15]
10.2 Sample size larger than 100 patients	7	901	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.63, 1.03]
11 Bacterial infections according to trial sample size	12	1241	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.37 [0.30, 0.46]
11.1 Sample size smaller than 101 patients	5	340	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.42 [0.29, 0.62]
11.2 Sample size larger than 100 patients	7	901	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.35 [0.27, 0.46]
12 Mortality sensitivity analysis worst‐best case	8	978	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.45 [1.04, 2.02]
13 Mortality sensitivity analysis best‐worst case	8	969	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.48 [0.38, 0.60]
14 Mortality from bacterial infections sensitivity analysis worst‐best case	5	708	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	3.30 [1.43, 7.62]
15 Mortality from bacterial infections sensitivity analysis best‐worst case	5	699	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.14 [0.06, 0.31]
16 Bacterial infections sensitivity analysis worst‐best case	8	978	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.77 [0.63, 0.93]
17 Bacterial infections sensitivity analysis best‐worst case	8	969	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.26 [0.16, 0.43]
18 Mortality according to the antibiotic used	12	1241	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.63, 0.98]
18.1 Quinolones	5	473	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.61, 1.27]
18.2 Quinolones + beta‐lactams	2	264	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.74 [0.42, 1.31]
18.3 Cephalosporins	3	255	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.72 [0.46, 1.11]
18.4 Other antibiotics	2	249	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.76 [0.50, 1.17]
19 Mortality from bacterial infections according to the antibiotic used	6	761	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.19, 0.97]
19.1 Quinolones	2	248	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.76 [0.18, 3.34]
19.2 Quinolones + beta lactam	1	147	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.08, 5.80]
19.3 Cephalosporins	2	217	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.44 [0.10, 1.95]
19.4 Others	1	149	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.14 [0.02, 1.15]
20 Bacterial infections according to the antibiotic used	12	1241	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.36 [0.29, 0.45]
20.1 Quinolones	5	473	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.27 [0.18, 0.39]
20.2 Quinolones + beta‐lactams	2	264	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.38 [0.23, 0.62]
20.3 Cephalosporins	3	255	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.16 [0.05, 0.48]
20.4 Others	2	249	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.57 [0.41, 0.81]
21 Rebleeding	3	280	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.53 [0.38, 0.74]
22 Early rebleeding (up to 7 days)	3	280	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.24 [0.12, 0.50]
23 Days of hospitalisation	7	769	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.79 [‐1.84, 0.26]
23.1 Intensive care unit	2	264	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.27 [‐1.55, 1.00]
23.2 Full‐lenght	5	505	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.91 [‐3.80, ‐0.02]