Pauwels 1996.

Methods	Data collection: 12/89 to 03/92. Exclusion from analysis: infection on admission, undergoing surgery within 24 hs after admission, or death in the first 12 h. Follow‐up period: up to 10 days after stopping bleeding (four weeks).
Participants	France Hospitalised cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, without infection, or treatment with antibiotics in the previous week. Etiology of bleeding: oesophageal or gastric varices, gastric or duodenal ulceration, and others. Initial infection assessment: chest X‐ray, white blood cell count, urine/blood/ascites culture. Source of bleeding determined by endoscopy scheduled within 12 hs after enrolment. Emergency sclerotherapy performed for patients bleeding from varices. Child‐Pugh class A/B/C: 16/54/49.
Interventions	Experimental (Group III): intravenous + oral ciprofloxacin 400mg per day, amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid 3g per day, until three days after cessation of haemorrhage. Control (Group I and II): no antibiotic prophylaxis.
Outcomes	Prevention of bacterial infections.
Notes	Two group of patients received no intervention and were combined for the purpose of this review. Authors were contacted for the first version of this review.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Adequate sequence generation?	Low risk	The sequence was generated using a table of random numbers.
Allocation concealment?	Unclear risk	No information provided.
Blinding? All outcomes	High risk	Not a blinded trial.
Incomplete outcome data addressed? All outcomes	Low risk	Missing data are balanced in number across the intervention groups.
Free of selective reporting?	Low risk	The report include all the expected outcomes.
Free of other bias?	Low risk	The trial appears to be free of other sources of bias.
Intention to treat analysis?	High risk	The exclusion of the patients was based on an exclusion rule.
Sample calculation?	High risk	No sample calculation procedure.