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. 2020 Mar 31;11:551. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00551

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Copyright © 2020 Erkelens, Goverse, Konijn, Molenaar, Beijer, Van den Bossche, de Goede, Verberk, de Jonge, den Haan and Mebius.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Retinoic acid reduces pro-inflammatory properties in macrophages in vitro. Bone-marrow derived macrophages stimulated with LPS and IFNγ or IL-4 or naïve macrophages cultured with (in black) or without (in gray) the presence of retinoic acid for 48 h were analyzed for the expression of Arginase-1 (A), IL-12 (B), and TNFα (C). Expression was normalized to the reference genes Cyclophylin and Ubiquitin. Concentrations of nitric oxide (D), IL-12 (E), TNFα (F), IL-6 (G), and IL-10 (H) were determined in supernatants of cell cultures. Data for nitric oxide was normalized to the unstimulated samples. Concentrations of NO and IL-12 did not exceed detection limit in naïve and IL-4 treated cells. IL-10 concentrations could not be quantified in IL-4 treated macrophages. Significant differences are indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, or ***p < 0.005 (n = 3–10, ±SEM).