Table 1.

Mean differences, SD, and significance level in the piezo-puncture and control groups

	Time	Group	Mean±SDa	p
Distance between the canine and the lateral incisor (mm)	T0–T1b	Control	0.74±0.89	0.169
		Piezo-puncture	0.88±1.16
	T1–T2c	Control	0.65±0.83	0.577
		Piezo-puncture	0.60±0.75
	T0–T2d	Control	0.90±1.72	0.297
		Piezo-puncture	1.02±1.91
Space between the second premolar and the canine (mm)	T0–T1	Control	1.18±1.77	0.458
		Piezo-puncture	1.11±1.92
	T1–T2	Control	1.17±1.27	0.53
		Piezo-puncture	0.74±1.15
	T0–T2	Control	1.62±3.05	0.93
		Piezo-puncture	1.49±3.07
Canine rotation (°)	T0–T1	Control	6.63±3.53	0.29
		Piezo-puncture	8.32±5.94
	T1–T2	Control	4.24±3.05	0.58
		Piezo-puncture	5.42±2.17
	T0–T2	Control	6.87±6.58	0.54
		Piezo-puncture	8.40±8.11
Canine tipping (°)	T0–T1	Control	3.00±0.94	0.055
		Piezo-puncture	1.60±0.64
	T1–T2	Control	1.75±0.23	0.21
		Piezo-puncture	1.53±0.71
	T0–T2	Control	2.24±1.17	0.69
		Piezo-puncture	2.02±1.35
Movement of the first molar (mm)	T0–T1	Control	0.27±0.31	0.309
		Piezo-puncture	0.28±0.22
	T1–T2	Control	0.15±0.18	0.200
		Piezo-puncture	0.12±0.15
	T0–T2	Control	0.32±0.49	0.468
		Piezo-puncture	0.35±0.37

Significance level at p<0.05.

^aStandard deviation

^bT0–T1: during the first month of canine retraction

^cT1–T2: during the second month of canine retraction

^dT0–T2: total amount of changes during the first and second months