Table 3:
Mean Differences in Pre to Post-intervention Changes Between Intervention Groups on Appraisals, Emotions, and Cardiovascular Reactions During the Trier Social Stress Test
| Mean difference estimate (Mindfulness – Control) (SE) | df | t | p | 95% CI (lower, upper) | Effect Size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appraisals | ||||||
| Demand | −0.04 (0.16) | 134 | −0.25 | .80 | (−0.36, 0.27) | −.02 |
| Resources | 0.25 (0.14) | 134 | 1.76 | .08 | (−0.03, 0.52) | .15 |
| Emotions | ||||||
| Challenge | 0.37 (0.14) | 134 | 2.67 | .008 | (0.09, 0.64) | .23 |
| Threat-Anxiety | −0.21 (0.12) | 135 | −1.76 | .081 | (−0.44, 0.03) | −.15 |
| Cardiovascular Reactions | ||||||
| Pre-ejection period (ms) | ||||||
| Speech | −3.47 (3.08) | 77 | −1.13 | .26 | (−9.6, 2.67) | −.11 |
| Math | −1.17 (3.08) | 85 | −0.38 | .70 | (−7.30, 4.95) | −.04 |
| Cardiac Output (L/min) | ||||||
| Speech | 1.20 (0.60) | 88 | 2.00 | .049 | (0.005,2.40) | .19 |
| Math | 0.54 (0.53) | 97 | 1.00 | .32 | (−0.52, 1.60) | .09 |
| Total Peripheral Resistance (resistance units) | ||||||
| Speech | −209.42 (105.29) | 85 | −1.99 | .0499 | (−418.76, −0.08) | −.19 |
| Math | −214.25 (93.96) | 93 | −2.28 | .02 | (−400.83, −27.68) | −.21 |
Note: Mixed linear models were used to estimate mean differences in pre to post-intervention changes between mindfulness and control group participants. Models testing cardiovascular outcomes adjusted for age, gender, beta-blocker medication use, body mass index at baseline, and body mass index x month interaction. A positive value, for example on challenge-related emotions, means that mindfulness participants, on average, reported greater increases in challenge-related emotions related to the Trier Social Stress Test compared to the control group, or that declines in challenge-related emotions were lower among mindfulness compared to control participants.