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. 2020 Apr 7;15(4):e0223548. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223548

Table 1. Measures of muscle morphology by group and sex.

  ADV REC CON Group Sex Group x Sex
  Women Men Women Men Women Men p BF10 p BF10 p BF10
Muscle thickness (cm) Rectus femoris 2.48 ± 0.36 3.28 ± 0.50 2.32 ± 0.27 2.86 ± 0.20 2.46 ± 0.25 2.61 ± 0.43 0.155 8.2 0.004 6.7 0.248 0.5
  Vastus medialis 3.44 ± 0.84 4.35 ± 0.58 2.77 ± 0.08 4.28 ± 0.61 3.41 ± 0.62 4.26 ± 0.22 0.439 >100 0.001 39.8 0.502 0.3
  Vastus lateralis 1.92 ± 0.49 2.47 ± 0.39 1.49 ± 0.25 1.97 ± 0.19 1.63 ± 0.19 1.67 ± 0.28 0.009 11.9 0.017 7.9 0.288 1.7
  Biceps brachii 3.32 ± 0.60 4.29 ± 0.87 2.62 ± 0.19 3.74 ± 0.71 2.43 ± 0.08 3.31 ± 0.17 0.013 >100 0.001 40.6 0.910 1.3
  Triceps brachii 2.51 ± 0.45 3.05 ± 0.76 2.44 ± 0.64 2.91 ± 0.58 1.98 ± 0.24 3.05 ± 0.43 0.674 7.1 0.008 2.1 0.541 0.3
Pennation angle (°) Rectus femoris 12.7 ± 3.5 15.5 ± 0.5 10.0 ± 3.0 14.5 ± 1.2 13.3 ± 5.6 16.4 ± 5.5 0.375 2.9 0.036 1.4 0.894 0.5
  Vastus medialis 19.2 ± 3.9 26.2 ± 9.3 17.2 ± 3.4 24.9 ± 6.0 27.7 ± 10.8 24.0 ± 3.5 0.417 0.7 0.216 0.4 0.229 0.2
  Vastus lateralis 14.3 ± 3.1 14.8 ± 2.9 10.7 ± 3.4 12.4 ± 5.8 12.3 ± 0.4 13.2 ± 3.5 0.286 0.6 0.502 0.5 0.947 0.1
  Biceps brachii 13.6 ± 3.1 17.5 ± 2.2 12.8 ± 2.1 12.3 ± 5.0 10.5 ± 2.2 9.7 ± 1.5 0.009 7.0 0.489 3.2 0.249 0.4
  Triceps brachii 17.9 ± 5.1 26.8 ± 7.8 11.1 ± 3.2 16.8 ± 4.5 14.2 ± 2.6 20.3 ± 4.1 0.012 34.5 0.004 13.8 0.791 2.4
Fascicle length (cm) Rectus femoris 12.2 ± 5.1 12.3 ± 2.2 14.1 ± 3.8 11.5 ± 0.8 12.8 ± 7.6 10.3 ± 4.5 0.852 0.6 0.365 0.3 0.786 0.1
  Vastus medialis 10.6 ± 2.4 11.2 ± 4.8 9.6 ± 1.8 10.6 ± 2.7 7.9 ± 2.4 10.6 ± 1.1 0.552 0.6 0.280 0.3 0.758 0.1
  Vastus lateralis 7.7 ± 0.4 9.9 ± 2.1 8.3 ± 1.5 10.5 ± 4.6 7.6 ± 0.6 7.7 ± 2.2 0.399 0.8 0.163 0.4 0.643 0.2
  Biceps brachii 14.5 ± 2.8 14.2 ± 1.3 12.0 ± 1.1df 19.0 ± 4.8c 13.8 ± 2.8 19.9 ± 2.7c 0.271 9.8 0.002 8.8 0.043 0.5
  Triceps brachii 8.7 ± 2.8 7.3 ± 2.9 12.8 ± 1.7 10.5 ± 3.1 8.2 ± 0.9 9.1 ± 2.2 0.018 4.3 0.370 2.4 0.448 0.5
Cross-sectional area (cm2) Rectus femoris 10.8 ± 2.4 17.8 ± 3.3 8.8 ± 1.5 15.6 ± 1.8 11.2 ± 1.3 15.0 ± 2.8 0.216 >100 0.000 >100 0.364 0.4
  Vastus medialis 24.3 ± 6.6 29.8 ± 4 17.0 ± 3.9 27.8 ± 6.4 18.2 ± 2.1 23.7 ± 1.2 0.046 22.3 0.002 12.0 0.441 0.8
  Vastus lateralis 29.8 ± 4.1 44.9 ± 4.1 24.4 ± 2.6 38.2 ± 4.5 24.1 ± 1.7 37.9 ± 3.0 0.004 >100 0.001 >100 0.912 0.5
  Biceps brachii 8.4 ± 1.7 17.7 ± 9.2 7.4 ± 2.0 14.9 ± 2.5 7.9 ± 0.2 12.9 ± 1.0 0.464 77.5 0.001 32.6 0.622 0.3
  Triceps brachii 10.5 ± 1.2 18 ± 4.3 7.0 ± 1.4 17.0 ± 5.7 8.9 ± 1.4 14.0 ± 3.6 0.273 >100 0.000 >100 0.417 0.3
Echo intensity (au) Rectus femoris 116 ± 26c 113 ± 11c 174 ± 33abd 97 ± 14ce 151 ± 16d 129 ± 14 0.061 30.0 0.001 5.5 0.008 0.6
  Vastus medialis 105 ± 16c 108 ± 11 153 ± 39ad 104 ± 12c 116 ± 11 134 ± 13 0.093 2.4 0.289 0.8 0.012 0.4
  Vastus lateralis 111 ± 20c 113 ± 15c 171 ± 42abd 107 ± 19c 134 ± 16 123 ± 10 0.087 4.3 0.023 1.7 0.028 0.7
  Biceps brachii 123 ± 26 140 ± 9 170 ± 45 115 ± 29 148 ± 9 142 ± 17 0.585 0.6 0.206 0.5 0.044 0.2
  Triceps brachii 83 ± 17c 89 ± 18c 145 ± 43abd 78 ± 13c 114 ± 16 100 ± 6 0.079 7.2 0.014 1.8 0.012 0.6

a = Significantly (p < 0.05) different from ADV women

b = Significantly (p < 0.05) different from ADV men

c = Significantly (p < 0.05) different from REC women

d = Significantly (p < 0.05) different from REC men

e = Significantly (p < 0.05) different from CON women

f = Significantly (p < 0.05) different from CON men.