Table 1.

Studies of mRNP export of the nucleus using a variety of microscopy techniques. Techniques are listed alphabetically.

Microscopy Technique	Main Observations/Conclusions	References
Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM)	The transport efficiency and time of mRNPs across the NE were determined by using LSFM setup. They found that ~ 25% of mRNPs successfully exit nucleus after interacting with NE/NPCs with an averaged nuclear export time ranging from 65 ms to several seconds.	[48]
Single-Point Edge-Excitation sub-Diffraction (SPEED)	SPEED microscopy revealed that ~36% of all the NPC-interacting mRNP molecules successfully complete their nuclear export by adopting a fast-slow-fast diffusion pattern through the NPC during an averaged nuclear export time of ~ 12 ms. Furthermore, the major selectivity barrier in the NPC that separates the successful and abortive mRNPs export events locates at the NPC’s nuclear basket and central scaffold.	[40]
Super-Registration Microscopy	The nuclear export of mRNA crossing the NE includes a three-step process - docking, transport, and release. These events occurred in durations of ~ 80, 5–20, ~ 80 ms respectively.	[39]
Wide-Field Epi-Fluorescence Microscopy	The authors found that the nuclear export of mRNP occurs faster than nucleoplasmic diffusion. They concluded that the transcription, transport, and export process ranges from 5 to 40 min.	[46]
Wide-Field Epi-Fluorescence Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)	The authors found an alternative route for nuclear export of very large RNP complexes, via budding through the NE. This unique pathway might arise from mutations in nuclear lamins and inner nuclear membrane proteins.	[49]