Table 4.
Mean daily micronutrient intakes from dietary supplements alone among users of dietary supplements containing the specified nutrient, by pregnancy and lactation status in the United States, NHANES 1999–2014
| Pregnant women (n=1,314) | Lactating women (n=297) | Non-pregnant and non-lactating women (n=8,096) | UL | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n* | Mean ± SE | RDA | n | Mean ± SE | RDA | n | Mean ± SE | RDA | ||
| Thiamin (mg)† | 743 | 2.9 ± 0.2 a | 1.4 | 162 | 2.8 ± 0.5 a | 1.4 | 2,065 | 8.1 ± 0.5 b | 1.1 | ND |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 743 | 3.0 ± 0.2 a | 1.4 | 162 | 3.0 ± 0.5 a | 1.6 | 2,066 | 7.3 ± 0.5 b | 1.1 | ND |
| Niacin (mg) | 742 | 19.0 ± 1.6 a,b | 18 | 163 | 17.9 ± 0.9 a | 17 | 2,122 | 22.6 ± 1.0 b | 14 | 35 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 772 | 9.2 ± 0.7 a | 1.9 | 166 | 7.9 ± 1.0 a | 2.0 | 2,219 | 9.6 ± 0.6 a | 1.3 | 100 |
| Folic acid (μg)‡ | 786 | 787 ± 30 a | 360 | 167 | 718 ± 28 a | 300 | 2,196 | 375 ± 7 b | 240 | 1000 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 746 | 16.8 ± 4.6 a | 2.6 | 163 | ES§ | 2.8 | 2,249 | 75.0 ± 10.3 b | 2.4 | ND |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 775 | 126 ± 7 a | 85 | 167 | 136 ± 17 a | 120 | 2,419 | 210 ± 12 b | 75 | 2000 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 763 | 10.0 ± 0.7 a | 15 | 170 | 12.2 ± 2.3 a | 15 | 2,273 | 15.6 ± 2.6 a | 15 | 100 |
| Choline (mg) | 49 | 15.3 ± 2.8 a | 450‖ | 18 | 13.2 ± 3.5 a | 550‖ | 361 | ES§ | 425‖ | 3500 |
| Calcium (mg) | 756 | 366 ± 69 a | 1,000 | 168 | 269 ± 21 a | 1,000 | 2,475 | 317 ± 9 a | 1000 | 2500 |
| Iodine (μg) | 219 | 116 ± 6 a | 220 | 46 | 104 ± 11 a | 290 | 1,214 | 107 ± 2 a | 150 | 1100 |
| Iron (mg) | 777 | 38.4 ± 1.9 a | 27 | 166 | 34.1 ± 2.6 a | 9 | 1,920 | 17.1 ± 0.4 b | 18 | 45 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 297 | 74.6 ± 9.5 a | 350/360¶ | 67 | 81.4 ± 15.0 a | 310/320¶ | 1,834 | 80.2 ± 2.6 a | 310/320¶ | 350 |
| Phosphorous (mg) | 65 | 130 ± 30 a | 700 | 16 | ES§ | 700 | 864 | 79 ± 3 a | 700 | 4000 |
| Selenium (μg) | 108 | 43.5 ± 6.2 a,b | 60 | 34 | 28.3 ± 4.7 a | 70 | 1,424 | 44.8 ± 1.7 b | 55 | 400 |
| Zinc (mg) | 709 | 18.2 ± 0.5 a | 11 | 160 | 18.5 ± 0.8 a | 12 | 2,023 | 12.2 ± 0.3 b | 8 | 40 |
NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; ND, Not Determined; RDA, Recommended Dietary Allowances; UL, Tolerable Upper Intake Level.
Estimates with different alphabetic characters are significantly different from each other at P<0.0167.
Unweighted sample size of those who consumed dietary supplements containing a specific nutrient.
Nutrient intake from dietary supplements could not be calculated if information on the number of servings consumed or the number of days taken was missing.
In μg folic acid. The RDAs that were presented as μg of dietary folate equivalents were converted to μg of folic acid based on the equation set by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 1 μg of dietary folate equivalents = 0.6 μg of folic acid with meals. The UL only applies to folic acid consumed through fortified food or dietary supplements.
Estimate suppressed because of relative standard error is greater than 30%.
Denotes the Adequate Intakes; unless otherwise noted the RDA is presented.
Magnesium requirement differs based on age; 350 mg for 19–30y and 360 mg for 31–50y.