Table 3. Study characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Country | Participants | Intervention | Outcome measures |
| Hannareeta 2016 [16] | Finland | N=140 Age=78 Gender=89M, 51F MMSE=18.1 Diagnose=AD |
Exp= multicomponent exercise, 4h * 2d / wk * 12mth,Community setting; Group; Supervised by physiotherapists. Con=usual care; oral and written advice on nutrition and exercise methods. |
MMSE; CVFT; CDR; CDT. Follow up=0,3,6mon. |
| Arsalan 2017 [17] | Iran | N=22 Age=68 Gender=0M, 24F MMSE=24 Diagnose=MCI |
Exp= multicomponent exercise, 60min * 3d / wk * 8weeks(total of 24 sessions), Community setting; Group; Supervised by stuff members. Con=usual care. |
GDS, DST, DSC, SCWT, BDNF. Follow up=0,6mon. |
| Chih 2017 [18] | China | N=147 Age=81 MMSE=12.4 Diagnose=AD |
Exp= multicomponent intervention, 2times/week*12 mth,Community setting; Group; Supervised by physiotherapists. Con=usual care. |
MMSE, GDS, CDR; ADL. Follow up=0,12mon. |
| Takao 2012 [19] | Japan | N=50 Age=74 Gender=27M, 23F MMSE=26.7 Diagnose=MCI |
Exp= multicomponent exercise, 90min *2d / wk * 12mth (total of 80 times), Community setting; Group; Supervised by physiotherapists and instructors. Con=Three education classes regarding health promotion during the 12-month study period, but no information regarding exercise, physical activity, or cognitive health. |
MMSE; WMS-LM; DSC;VFT; SCWT. Follow up=0,6,12mon. |
| Seongryu 2019 [20] | Japan | N=83 Age=77 Gender=43M, 40F MMSE=26.7 Diagnose=MCI |
Exp= multicomponent exercise, 90min * 2d / wk * 24 wk(total of 48 times), Community setting; Group; Supervised by stuff members. Con=Two health education classes (90 min * 24 week) about oral care and nutrition by a professional lecturer while sitting, no specific information regarding physical, cognitive, and social activities. |
MMSE; CWM; SWM; TMT; SDST; GDS. Follow up=0,24wk. |
| Daniel 2018 [21] | China | N=80 Age=80 Gender=15M, 65F MMSE=20.4 Diagnose=Probable dementia |
Exp= multicomponent exercise, 80min * 2d / wk(total of 14 sessions), Community setting; Group; Supervised by experts. Con=TAU provided by the elderly centers (interest classes and recreational activities), but excluding cognitive training and tai chi. |
MMSE, DRS. Follow up=0,2mon. |
| Takao 2013 [22] | Japan | N=100 Age=75 Gender=51M, 49F MMSE=26.55 Diagnose=MCI |
Exp= multicomponent exercise, 90min * 2d / wk * 6 month, Community setting; Group; Supervised by physiotherapists and instructors. Con=Two education classes regarding health promotion during the 6-month study period, but no information regarding exercise, physical activity, or cognitive health. |
MMSE; ADAS; WMS-LM; BDNF. Follow up=0,6mon. |
| Cay 2018 [23] | Greece | N=14 Age=78 Gender=7M, 7F MoCA=21.8 Diagnose=MCI |
Exp= multicomponent exercise, 45min * 4d / wk * 6mth, Community setting; Group; Supervised by stuff members. Con=game-only. |
MoCA; TMT; SCWT; DST; ADAS; BDNF. Follow up=0,3,6mon. |
ADAS: Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale; CDR: Clinical Dementia Rating; CDT: Clock Drawing Test; CWM: Composite Word Memory; DRS: Dementia Rating Scale; DSC: Digit Symbol Coding; DST: Digit Span Test; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale-15; L/CVF: Letter/Categorical Verbal Fluency; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; SCWT: Stroop Color Word test; SDST: Symbol Digit Substitution Test; SWM: Spatial Working Memory; TMT: Trail Making Test; VFT: Verbal Fluency Test; WMS-LM: Logical Memory Subtest of the Wechsler memory scale-revised.