TABLE 3.
The association between HMO concentrations (nmol/mL) (ln-transformed data) and height z score in children aged 3–12 mo and aged 1–5 y separately for children of secretor and nonsecretor mothers1
| Children aged 3–12 mo | Children aged 1–5 y | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Secretor mothers (n = 674) | Nonsecretor mothers (n = 100) | Secretor mothers (n = 674) | Nonsecretor mothers (n = 100) | |||||
| Estimate (95% CI)2 | P | Estimate (95% CI)2 | P | Estimate (95% CI)2 | P | Estimate (95% CI)2 | P | |
| Diversity | −0.059 (−0.100, −0.017) | 0.006 | 0.061 (−0.122, 0.243) | 0.51 | −0.050 (−0.094, −0.006) | 0.027 | 0.099 (−0.089, 0.286) | 0.30 |
| Sum of HMOs | 0.768 (−0.150, 1.687) | 0.10 | −1.093 (−3.872, 1.687) | 0.44 | 0.665 (−0.314, 1.644) | 0.18 | −0.368 (−3.218, 2.482) | 0.80 |
| HMO-bound Sialic acid | −0.153 (−0.417, 0.111) | 0.26 | −0.573 (−1.471, 0.325) | 0.21 | −0.114 (−0.393, 0.166) | 0.42 | −0.094 (−1.044, 0.856) | 0.84 |
| HMO-bound Fucose | 0.788 (0.199, 1.376) | 0.009 | 0.123 (−0.394, 0.640) | 0.64 | 0.707 (0.078, 1.337) | 0.028 | −0.268 (−0.804, 0.269) | 0.33 |
| 2′FL | 0.229 (0.042, 0.416) | 0.016 | −0.016 (−0.186, 0.154) | 0.85 | 0.197 (−0.002, 0.397) | 0.053 | 0.019 (−0.155, 0.192) | 0.83 |
| 3FL | 0.064 (−0.087, 0.215) | 0.41 | 0.049 (−0.188, 0.287) | 0.68 | 0.106 (−0.056, 0.268) | 0.20 | 0.011 (−0.237, 0.258) | 0.93 |
| LNnT | −0.255 (−0.428, −0.082) | 0.004 | −0.053 (−0.367, 0.262) | 0.74 | −0.247 (−0.432, −0.062) | 0.009 | 0.119 (−0.210, 0.448) | 0.48 |
| 3′SL | 0.106 (−0.034, 0.246) | 0.14 | −0.067 (−0.479, 0.345) | 0.75 | 0.125 (−0.025, 0.275) | 0.10 | 0.113 (−0.313, 0.538) | 0.60 |
| DFLac | 0.028 (−0.118, 0.174) | 0.71 | 0.047 (−0.065, 0.160) | 0.40 | 0.026 (−0.129, 0.182) | 0.74 | 0.032 (−0.086, 0.151) | 0.59 |
| 6′SL | −0.107 (−0.238, 0.024) | 0.11 | −0.219 (−0.465, 0.026) | 0.079 | −0.072 (−0.211, 0.067) | 0.31 | −0.055 (−0.316, 0.206) | 0.67 |
| LNT | −0.077 (−0.224, 0.070) | 0.30 | 0.057 (−0.156, 0.271) | 0.59 | −0.082 (−0.239, 0.074) | 0.30 | 0.104 (−0.112, 0.320) | 0.34 |
| LNFP I | −0.015 (−0.126, 0.097) | 0.80 | 0.069 (−0.088, 0.227) | 0.39 | −0.022 (−0.142, 0.097) | 0.72 | −0.025 (−0.190, 0.140) | 0.77 |
| LNFP II | −0.126 (−0.295, 0.042) | 0.14 | −0.029 (−0.334, 0.277) | 0.85 | −0.168 (−0.349, 0.013) | 0.069 | −0.054 (−0.369, 0.261) | 0.73 |
| LNFP III | −0.037 (−0.180, 0.104) | 0.61 | 0.152 (−0.123, 0.427) | 0.28 | −0.034 (−0.186, 0.118) | 0.66 | −0.041 (−0.325, 0.242) | 0.77 |
| LSTb | −0.136 (−0.265, −0.008) | 0.038 | 0.180 (−0.265, 0.625) | 0.42 | −0.108 (−0.247, 0.030) | 0.12 | 0.289 (−0.173, 0.750) | 0.22 |
| LSTc | 0.053 (−0.068, 0.173) | 0.39 | 0.138 (−0.146, 0.422) | 0.34 | 0.042 (−0.086, 0.171) | 0.52 | 0.068 (−0.229, 0.364) | 0.65 |
| DFLNT | −0.008 (−0.090, 0.074) | 0.85 | 0.111 (−0.184, 0.406) | 0.46 | −0.0001 (−0.087, 0.087) | 1.00 | 0.090 (−0.216, 0.396) | 0.56 |
| LNH | −0.028 (−0.137, 0.081) | 0.62 | 0.101 (−0.114, 0.316) | 0.36 | 0.011 (−0.106, 0.127) | 0.86 | −0.036 (−0.259, 0.186) | 0.75 |
| DSLNT | −0.087 (−0.216, 0.042) | 0.18 | 0.049 (−0.276, 0.373) | 0.77 | −0.110 (−0.248, 0.029) | 0.12 | 0.256 (−0.078, 0.589) | 0.13 |
| FLNH | 0.008 (−0.086, 0.101) | 0.87 | 0.046 (−0.128, 0.219) | 0.60 | 0.030 (−0.070, 0.130) | 0.55 | 0.008 (−0.173, 0.188) | 0.93 |
| DFLNH | −0.007 (−0.140, 0.126) | 0.92 | 0.085 (−0.129, 0.299) | 0.43 | −0.052 (−0.193, 0.089) | 0.47 | 0.005 (−0.217, 0.228) | 0.96 |
| FDSLNH | −0.035 (−0.154, 0.085) | 0.57 | −0.010 (−0.272, 0.252) | 0.94 | −0.041 (−0.169, 0.086) | 0.52 | −0.147 (−0.418, 0.124) | 0.29 |
| DSLNH | 0.033 (−0.079, 0.146) | 0.56 | −0.040 (−0.357, 0.278) | 0.81 | 0.030 (−0.090, 0.150) | 0.62 | 0.022 (−0.311, 0.354) | 0.90 |
Statistical associations were tested with a hierarchical linear mixed model for repeated measurements. The models include mode of delivery, sex, birth weight z score, maternal prepregnancy BMI, HMO, time, and HMO*time interaction as explanatory factors. DFLac, difucosyllactose; DFLNH, difucosyllacto-N-hexaose; DFLNT, difucosyllacto-N-tetraose; DSLNH, disialyllacto-N-hexaose; DSLNT, disialyllacto-N-tetraose; FDSLNH, fucosyldisialyllacto-N-hexaose; FLNH, fucosyllacto-N-hexaose; HMO, human milk oligosaccharide; LNFP, lacto-N-fucopentaose; LNH, lacto-N-hexaose; LNnT, lacto-N-neotetraose; LNT, lacto-N-tetraose; LSTb, sialyllacto-N-tetraose b; LSTc, sialyllacto-N-tetraose c; 2′FL, 2′-fucosyllactose; 3FL, 3-fucosyllactose; 3′SL, 3′-sialyllactose; 6′SL, 6′-sialyllactose.
A negative slope estimate indicates a negative correlation between child's height z scores and ln-transformed HMO concentrations and a positive slope estimate indicates a positive correlation. The 95% CI of the estimate is given in parentheses. The estimate of the HMO variable is the coefficient of main effect of HMO.