TABLE 3.
Baseline and 1-y changes in HOMA-IR index (95% CIs) by quartiles of baseline glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and TCA cycle metabolites in the PREDIMED trial, 2003–20101
| Baseline HOMA-IR | 1-y change of HOMA-IR | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) | P-trend | Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) | P-trend | |
| Hexose monophosphate | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 0 (ref.) | 0.431 | 0 (ref.) | 0.575 |
| Quartile 2 | −0.12 (−0.52, 0.28) | −0.40 (−0.91, 0.12) | ||
| Quartile 3 | −0.41 (−0.82, 0.01) | −0.26 (−0.80, 0.28) | ||
| Quartile 4 | 0.10 (−0.30, 0.49) | −0.16 (−0.68, 0.37) | ||
| Pyruvate | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 0 (ref.) | <0.001 | 0 (ref.) | 0.502 |
| Quartile 2 | 0.12 (−0.35, 0.58) | 0.09 (−0.52, 0.69) | ||
| Quartile 3 | 0.37 (−0.09, 0.83) | 0.27 (−0.32, 0.87) | ||
| Quartile 4 | 0.61 (0.15, 1.07) | 0.36 (−0.25, 0.97) | ||
| Lactate | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 0 (ref.) | <0.001 | 0 (ref.) | 0.015 |
| Quartile 2 | 0.16 (−0.23, 0.56) | 0.55 (0.02, 1.09) | ||
| Quartile 3 | 0.94 (0.55, 1.34) | 0.68 (0.14, 1.22) | ||
| Quartile 4 | 1.03 (0.62, 1.43) | 0.70 (0.17, 1.24) | ||
| Alanine | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 0 (ref.) | 0.003 | 0 (ref.) | 0.027 |
| Quartile 2 | 0.24 (−0.18, 0.66) | 0.19 (−0.37, 0.75) | ||
| Quartile 3 | 0.61 (0.20, 1.02) | 0.27 (−0.27, 0.80) | ||
| Quartile 4 | 0.57 (0.16, 0.98) | 0.69 (0.15, 1.23) | ||
| Glycerol 3-phosphate | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 0 (ref.) | 0.075 | 0 (ref.) | 0.075 |
| Quartile 2 | 0.31 (−0.10, 0.72) | 0.49 (−0.05, 1.04) | ||
| Quartile 3 | 0.11 (−0.29, 0.52) | 0.74 (0.21, 1.28) | ||
| Quartile 4 | 0.27 (−0.14, 0.67) | 0.58 (0.03, 1.12) | ||
1
Models adjusted for age (years), sex (male, female), intervention group (MedDiet + extra-virgin olive oil, MedDiet + nuts), BMI (kg/m2), smoking (never, current, former), leisure-time physical activity (metabolic equivalent tasks in minutes per day), dyslipidemia, hypertension, and baseline fasting glucose. Multivariable linear regression models were used. TCA, tricarboxylic acid.