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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Bone. 2020 Feb 19;134:115290. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115290

Table 3:

HRpQCT and Finite Element Analysis Measures at Baseline and Changes over 12 Months in the Surgical and Non-Surgical Groups at the Distal Tibia and Distal Radius

Baseline (Mean ± SEM) Change over 12-months [Mean (95% CI)] P-value comparing
changes over 12 months in
surgical vs. non-surgical
groups
Distal Tibia Non-Surgical
(n=15)		 Surgical
(n=15)		 Non-Surgical
(n=15)		 Surgical
(n=15)		  Adjusted for
age, sex,
race and
baseline		 Adjusted for
age, sex,
race, baseline
and change
in BMI
Bone Geometry
 Cortical Area (mm2) 143.6 ± 8.7 141.5 ± 5.9 6.2 (1.1, 11.2) −1.3 (−5.0, 2.4) 0.023 0.017
 Trabecular Area (mm2) 603.3 ± 32.2 645.3 ± 28.3 −5.2 (−9.2, −1.2) 1.6 (−1.9, 5.1) 0.026 0.040
 Cortical Thickness (mm) 1.36 ± 0.08 1.31 ± 0.06 0.06 (−0.10, −0.01) 0.01 (−0.02, 0.05) 0.014 0.010
Bone Microarchitecture
 Cortical Porosity (%) 3.98 ± 0.45 4.08 ± 0.45 −0.09 (−0.75, 0.57) −0.90 (−1.57, −0.22) 0.012 0.123
 Trabecular Number (1/mm) 2.54 ± 0.06 2.68 ± 0.08 −0.06 (−0.13, 0.01) −0.24 (−0.34, −0.15) 0.019 0.939
 Trabecular Separation (mm) 0.32 ± 0.01 0.31 ± 0.01 0.01 (−0.00, 0.02) 0.03 (0.02, 0.05) 0.008 0.440
 Trabecular Thickness (mm) 0.078 ± 0.003 0.069 ± 0.002* 0.003 (0.001, 0.005) 0.005 (0.001, 0.008) 0.233 0.290
Volumetric BMD (vBMD)
 Cortical vBMD (mgHA/cm3) 856.4 ± 14.2 858.9 ± 8.9 11.9 (0.1, 23.7) 19.5 (13.7, 25.4) 0.040 0.192
 Trabecular vBMD (mgHA/cm3) 233.3 ± 7.2 220.8 ± 8.6 2.5 (−5.8, 0.8) −6.6 (−3.1, 16.3) 0.176 0.154
 Total vBMD (mgHA/cm3) 359.1 ± 11.9 339.9 ± 13.0 8.1 (1.5, 14.7) −3.4 (−14.1, 7.4) 0.153 0.114
Strength Estimates
 Stiffness (kN/mm) 271.6 ± 10.3 257.9 ± 9.6 7.6 (0.6, 14.6) 4.8 (−6.2, 15.8) 0.985 0.044
 Failure Load (kN) 13.2 ± 0.5 13.1 ± 0.5 0.3 (0.0, 0.7) 0.1 (−0.3, 0.6) 0.874 0.064
 
Distal Radius Baseline (Mean ± SEM Change over 12-months (Mean (95% CI) P-value comparing
changes over 12 months in
surgical vs. non-surgical
groups
Non-Surgical
(n=15)		 Surgical
(n=15)		 Non-Surgical
(n=15)		 Surgical
(n=15)		  Adjusted for
age, sex,
race and
baseline		 Adjusted for
age, sex,
race, baseline
and change
in BMI
Bone Geometry
 Cortical Area (mm2) 57.1 ± 4.5 58.9 ± 3.9 2.6 (−1.2, 6.4) 1.0 (−1.3, 3.3) 0.851 0.426
 Trabecular Area (mm2) 232.3 ± 11.8 235.8 ± 16.2 −1.8 (−5.0, 1.4) −0.4 (−2.4, 1.6) 0.853 0.447
 Cortical Thickness (mm) 0.80 ± 0.07 0.83 ± 0.06 0.04 (−0.0, 0.1) 0.01 (−0.02, 0.05) 0.972 0.391
Bone Microarchitecture
 Cortical Porosity (%) 2.04 ± 0.35 1.79 ± 0.22 −0.17 (−0.58, 0.24) −0.54 (−0.96, −0.13) 0.024 0.391
 Trabecular Number (1/mm) 2.26 ± 0.06 2.33 ± 0.06 0.05 (−0.06, 0.16) −0.13 (−0.27, 0.00) 0.078 0.357
 Trabecular Separation (mm) 0.37 ± 0.01 0.36 ± 0.01 −0.01 (−0.03, 0.01) 0.03 (−0.00, 0.06) 0.054 0.214
 Trabecular Thickness (mm) 0.080 ± 0.003 0.074 ± 0.003 −0.002 (−0.006, 0.002) −0.001 (−0.004, 0.002) 0.574 0.576
Volumetric BMD (vBMD)
 Cortical vBMD (mgHA/cm3) 796.8 ± 25.6 807.9 ± 18.8 17.7 (0.1, 35.3) 22.0 (14.2, 29.7) 0.012 0.117
 Trabecular vBMD (mgHA/cm3) 214.9 ± 8.9 205.8 ± 6.8 −0.3 (−2.8, 2.2) −12.0 (−21.2, −2.8) 0.010 0.191
 Total vBMD (mgHA/cm3) 347.1 ± 12.6 344.7 ± 15.8 5.4 (−3.1, 13.9) −3.0 (−10.0, 4.0) 0.206 0.967
Strength Estimates
 Stiffness (kN/mm) 102.1 ± 6.3 95.9 ± 4.9 −1.6 (−5.8, 2.6) −1.6 (−4.6, 1.3) 0.823 0.779
 Failure Load k(N) 4.8 ± 0.2 4.8 ± 0.2 −0.07 ( −0.24,0.10) −0.09 (−0.22, 0.05) 0.768 0.651
*

P<0.05 for baseline comparisons; BMD: bone mineral density; Significant changes from baseline and significant p values are bolded

Baseline measures were compared using the Student t-test; Within group changes over 12 months were assessed using the paired t-test

Differences between surgical and non-surgical groups were assessed using multivariable analyses after adjusting for baseline measures, age, sex, race +/− change in BMI over 12 months