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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 7.
Published in final edited form as: Circulation. 2020 Mar 23;141(14):1127–1137. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041306

Table 3.

Hazard ratio (95% CI) of coronary heart disease according to consumption levels of tofu and soy milk

Consumption level Every 1 serving/week P trend
<1 serving/month <1 serving/week ≥1 serving/week
Tofu
 NHS
  No. of case/person years 3081/1574855 342/230210 85/64510
  Rate per 100,000 person-years 196 149 132
  Fully-adjusted HR* 1 0.92 (0.83, 1.03) 0.93 (0.71, 1.23) 0.93 (0.83, 1.04) 0.29
 NHS II
  No. of case/person years 611/16942923 41/252080 13/83435
  Rate per 100,000 person-years 36 16 16
  Fully-adjusted HR* 1 0.56 (0.40, 0.78) 0.55 (0.31, 0.97) 0.75 (0.57, 0.99) 0.007
 HPFS
  No. of case/person years 3230/733682 651/181594 121/44792
  Rate per 100,000 person-years 440 358 270
  Fully-adjusted HR* 1 0.96 (0.87, 1.04) 0.80 (0.66, 0.97) 0.92 (0.85, 0.99) 0.03
 Pooled results† 1 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) 0.82 (0.70, 0.95) 0.91 (0.86, 0.97) 0.005
Soy milk
 NHS
  No. of case/person years 1398/1341046 7/9664 15/24942
  Rate per 100,000 person-years 104 72 60
 Fully-adjusted HR* 1 1.04 (0.49, 2.20) 0.83 (0.50, 1.39) 0.95 (0.86, 1.04) 0.49
 NHS II
  No. of case/person years 516/1499079 13/66670 14/107356
  Rate per 100,000 person-years 34 20 13
  Fully-adjusted HR* 1 0.73 (0.42, 1.27) 0.52 (0.30, 0.90) 0.87 (0.76, 1.00) 0.02
 HPFS
  No. of case/person years 716/470129 11/14399 48/39368
  Rate per 100,000 person-years 152 76 122
  Fully-adjusted HR* 1 0.67 (0.36, 1.22) 1.04 (0.76, 1.41) 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) 0.80
 Pooled results† 1 0.77 (0.53, 1.10) 0.87 (0.69, 1.10) 1.00 (0.96, 1.03) 0.41

CI, confidence interval; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; HR, hazard ratio; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study.

*

Estimates are calculated in Cox proportional hazards models. Adjusted for ethnicity (Caucasian, African American, Asian, or other ethnicity), self-rated socioeconomic status (top 30%, median 40%, or bottom 30% for women), partner’s education (<high school, high school, or above college for women), smoking status (never, former, current [1–14, 15–24, or ≥25 cigarettes/day], or missing), alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–14.9, and ≥15.0 g/day for women, 0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–29.9, and ≥30.0 g/day for men, or missing), physical activity (metabolic equivalents of tasks-hr/week), multivitamin use (yes/no), aspirin use (yes/no), history of hypertension (yes/no) and hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), family history of myocardial infarction (yes/no), menopausal status and post-menopausal hormone use (pre-menopause, post-menopause [never, former, or current hormone use], or missing), oral contraceptive use (yes, no, or missing, Nurses’ Health Study II only), body mass index (kg/m2), total energy intake (kcal/day), and the modified alternate healthy eating index score.

†

Results from each cohort were pooled using fixed-effects model.