Table 3.
Metabolic disease risk factors after 6 and 12 months of alternate day fasting versus daily calorie restriction in insulin resistant subjects1,2
| Variable | Alternate Day Fasting | Calorie Restriction | Control | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month 0 | Month 6 | Month 12 | Δ 3 | Month 0 | Month 6 | Month 12 | Δ 3 | Month 0 | Month 6 | Month 12 | Δ 3 | |
| Body weight (kg) | 95 ± 5 | 86 ± 5 a | 87 ± 4 a | −8 ± 2 | 101 ± 4 | 93 ± 4 a | 96 ± 4 a | −5 ± 1 | 94 ± 4 | 92 ± 4 b | 94 ± 4 b | 0 ± 1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34 ± 1 | 33 ± 1 a | 32 ± 1 a | −2 ± 0 | 36 ± 1 | 35 ± 1 a | 34 ± 1 a | −2 ± 0 | 35 ± 1 | 34 ± 1 b | 35 ± 1 b | 0 ± 0 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 37 ± 2 | 31 ± 2 a | 31 ± 2 a | −6 ± 1 | 40 ± 2 | 34 ± 2 a | 35 ± 2 a | −5 ± 1 | 35 ± 2 | 34 ± 3 b | 35 ± 3 b | 0 ± 0 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 55 ± 3 | 53 ± 4 | 54 ± 3 | −1 ± 1 | 59 ± 4 | 58 ± 3 | 58 ± 3 | −1 ± 1 | 56 ± 3 | 56 ± 3 | 56 ± 3 | 0 ± 1 |
| Visceral fat mass (kg) | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | −0.5 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | −0.3 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | −0.3 ± 0.3 |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 99 ± 2 | 91 ± 2 | 96 ± 1 | −3 ± 3 | 96 ± 2 | 99 ± 3 | 92 ± 2 | −4 ± 2 | 95 ± 3 | 99 ± 4 | 99 ± 5 | 4 ± 4 |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 23 ± 4 | 13 ± 2 a | 11 ± 2 a | −12 ± 4 | 22 ± 4 | 17 ± 3 b | 19 ± 3 b | −1 ± 3 | 20 ± 4 | 17 ± 3 b | 17 ± 4 b | −3 ± 5 |
| HOMA-IR | 5.6 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.5 a | 2.6 ± 0.5 a | −3.0 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 4.2 ± 0.8 b | 4.3 ± 0.7 b | −0.9 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 1.0 | 4.2 ± 0.8 b | 4.2 ± 0.8 b | −0.5 ± 0.9 |
| Total chol. (mg/dl) | 180 ± 12 | 174 ± 12 | 184 ± 13 | 4 ± 6 | 183 ± 6 | 172 ± 7 | 177 ± 9 | −6 ± 6 | 185 ± 9 | 177 ± 9 | 184 ± 10 | −1 ± 4 |
| LDL chol. (mg/dl) | 102 ± 10 | 99 ± 9 | 109 ± 11 | 7 ± 4 | 114 ± 5 | 101 ± 6 | 108 ± 7 | −6 ± 4 | 111 ± 10 | 105 ± 7 | 111 ± 10 | 0 ± 4 |
| HDL chol. (mg/dl) | 53 ± 5 | 55 ± 6 | 56 ± 5 | 3 ± 3 | 49 ± 3 | 52 ± 3 | 51 ± 3 | 2 ± 2 | 53 ± 3 | 53 ± 3 | 55 ± 3 | 2 ± 2 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 124 ± 23 | 95 ± 12 | 97 ± 10 | −27 ± 18 | 96 ± 5 | 94 ± 11 | 90 ± 8 | −6 ± 7 | 102 ± 9 | 96 ± 15 | 94 ± 8 | −8 ± 5 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 128 ± 5 | 119 ± 5 | 119 ± 5 | −9 ± 7 | 124 ± 5 | 112 ± 3 | 117 ± 4 | −7 ± 5 | 123 ± 5 | 121 ± 3 | 122 ± 3 | −1 ± 3 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 85 ± 4 | 75 ± 4 | 80 ± 4 | −5 ± 5 | 81 ± 3 | 75 ± 2 | 79 ± 3 | −2 ± 3 | 83 ± 3 | 80 ± 2 | 80 ± 2 | −3 ± 2 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 78 ± 3 | 64 ± 2 | 71 ± 3 | −7 ± 4 | 75 ± 2 | 76 ± 3 | 74 ± 3 | −1 ± 2 | 75 ± 2 | 74 ± 3 | 69 ± 2 | −6 ± 2 |
| HS CRP | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | −0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0 ± 0.1 |
| TNF-α | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | −0.2 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.3 |
| IL-6 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | −0.5 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | −0.4 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | −0.1 ± 0.4 |
Means ± SEM. BP: Blood pressure. HS CRP: High sensitivity C-reactive protein, HOMA-IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6: Interleukin-6
1
Only subjects with insulin resistance who completed the full 12-month trial were included in the analysis (ADF n = 11, CR n = 17, control n = 15).
2
Means not sharing a common letter are significantly different (P < 0.05) between groups based on ANCOVA with baseline as a covariate at month 6 or 12.
3
Absolute change from baseline to month 12.