Table 3.
Comparison of postoperative non-ambulatory (n = 40) and ambulatory (n = 61) patients
| Characteristic | All | Non-ambulatory postoperatively | Ambulatory postoperatively | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 101 | 40 | 61 | |
| Sex (%) | < 0.00012 | |||
| Male | 74 (73%) | 27 (67.5%) | 47 (77%) | |
| Female | 27 (27%) | 13 (32.5%) | 14 (23%) | |
| First symptom (%) | ||||
| Paresis | 64 (63%) | 30 (75%) | 34 (67%) | 0.48952 |
| Pain | 20 (20%) | 5 (13%) | 15 (24%) | 0.20162 |
| Sensory deficit | 12 (12%) | 4 (10%) | 8 (13%) | 0.75922 |
| Bowl/bladder dysfunction | 5 (5%) | 1 (2.5%) | 4 (7%) | 0.70922 |
| Duration of first symptom (median, IQR / mean ± SD) | 5, 2–14 days / 17.3 ± 42.5 days | 7, 2–14 days / 12.85 ± 18.5 days | 5, 2.5–14 days / 20.1 ± 52.6 days | 0.32291 |
| KPI on admission | ||||
| < 50% | 73 (72%) | 38 (95%) | 35 (57%) | < 0.00012 |
| > 40% | 28 (28%) | 2 (5%) | 26 (43%) | |
| FG on admission (%) | ||||
| Grade < D | 81 (80%) | 40 (100%) | 41 (67%) | < 0.00012 |
| Grade > C | 20 (20%) | 0 (0%) | 20 (33%) | |
| Symptoms on admission (%) | ||||
| Paresis | 101 (100%) | 81 (100%) | 20 (100%) | > 0.99992 |
| Back pain | 49 (49%) | 17 (43%) | 32 (52%) | 0.41642 |
| Radiating pain | 13 (13%) | 2 (5%) | 11 (18%) | 0.07112 |
| Sensory deficit | 83 (82%) | 32 (80%) | 51 (84%) | 0.79112 |
| Bladder dysfunction | 60 (59%) | 29 (73%) | 31 (51%) | 0.03872 |
| Bowl dysfunction | 25 (25%) | 19 (48%) | 6 (10%) | < 0.00012 |
| Duration of paresis (median, IQR / mean ± SD) | 4.5, 2–10 days / 11.6 ± 26.3 days | 4, 1–14 days / 9.3 ± 15.3 days | 5, 2–10 days / 13.1 ± 31.6 days | 0.42681 |
| Degree of paresis (%) | ||||
| > Grade 3/5 BMRC | 24 (24%) | 1 (3%) | 23 (62%) | < 0.00012 |
| < Grade 4/5 BMRC | 77 (76%) | 39 (97%) | 38 (38%) | |
| Ambulatory status on admission | ||||
| Able to walk | 20 (20%) | 0 (0%) | 20 (33%) | < 0.00012 |
| Unable to walk | 81 (80%) | 40 (100%) | 41 (67%) | |
| Duration of inability to walk (median, IQR / mean ± SD) | 48, 24–96 h / 71 ± 76.5 h | 24, 24–72 h / 70 ± 89.7 h | 48, 24–96 h / 72 ± 62.9 h | 0.91072 |
| Tokuhashi score (%) | ||||
| 0–8 | 63 (62%) | 30 (75%) | 33 (54%) | 0.03822 |
| 9–11 | 35 (35%) | 10 (25%) | 25 (41%) | 0.13472 |
| 12–15 | 3 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (5%) | 0.27522 |
| ASA score (%) | ||||
| < ASA 3 | 26 (26%) | 5 (14%) | 17 (28%) | 0.13372 |
| > ASA 2 | 75 (74%) | 32 (86%) | 43 (72%) | |
| Time to surgery (%) | ||||
| < 24 h after admission | 72 (72%) | 30 (75%) | 42 (70%) | 0.65372 |
| > 24 h after admission | 28 (28%) | 10 (25%) | 18 (30%) | |
| Duration of surgery (median, IQR / mean ± mean) | 130, 105–160 min / 138.4 ± 49.5 min | 130, 105–153 min / 139 ± 50 min | 131, 100–161 min / 138 ± 49.7 min | 0.92771 |
| Complications (%) | 6 (6%) | 3 (7.5%) | 3 (5%) | 0.25892 |
| Revision surgery (%) | 4 (4%) | 1 (3%) | 3 (5%) | > 0.99992 |
| Hospital length of stay (median, IQR / mean ± SD) | 8, 6–12 days / 9 ± 4.7 days | 7.5, 4–12 days / 8.5 ± 4.8 days | 8, 6–12 days / 9.4 ± 4.7 days | 0.36761 |
| Improvement on discharge (%) | ||||
| KPI | 75 (74%) | 24 (60%) | 51 (84%) | 0.01072 |
| Frankel Grade | 61 (61%) | 11 (28%) | 50 (82%) | < 0.00012 |
| Ambulation | 41 (41%) | 0 (0%) | 41 (67%) | < 0.00012 |
| Paresis | 69 (68%) | 23 (58%) | 46 (75%) | 0.08022 |
| Back pain | 23 (23%) | 7 (50%) | 16 (50%) | > 0.99992 |
| Radiating pain | 7 (7%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (64%) | 0.19232 |
| Sensory deficit | 15 (15%) | 3 (10%) | 12 (25%) | 0.14542 |
| Bladder dysfunction | 19 (19%) | 4 (14%) | 15 (54%) | 0.00412 |
| Bowl dysfunction | 5 (5%) | 2 (11%) | 3 (60%) | 0.04822 |
SD standard deviation, IQR inter quartile range, FG Frankel Grade, KPI Karnofsky Performance Index, BMRC British Medical Research Council, ESCC Epidural Spinal Cord Compression, SINS Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists
1Students t-test
2Fishers exact test