Table 1.

Bivariate correlation, mean (M), standard deviation (SD), and internal consistencies (Cronbach'sα) of the study variables for the South Korean (n = 291) and Ethiopian (n = 147) samples.

	M	SD	α value		Age	Gender	Education	Work position	Work Experience	TRF	TRA	LAF	WE	IWB	TP
M				31.6		1.33	2.21	2.84	5.63	2.59	2.42	1.94	4.82	3.75	4.92
SD				5.75		0.47	0.50	0.47	3.73	0.77	0.66	1.04	1.05	1.21	0.96
α value										0.94	0.86	0.77	0.93	0.95	0.88
Age	36.56	5.50		1		-0.24∗∗	0.27∗∗	-0.09	0.49∗∗	-0.23∗∗	-0.18∗	0.02	-0.12	-0.12	-0.11
Gender	1.21	0.41		-0.30∗∗		1	-0.10	0.22∗∗	-0.17∗	0.18∗	0.10	-0.04	0.13	-0.04	0.01
Education	2.13	0.52		0.11∗		-0.05	1	-0.23∗∗	0.29∗∗	-0.08	-0.03	0.13	0.06	0.07	0.09
Work position	2.58	0.58		-.43∗∗		0.09	-0.19	1	-0.05	-0.13	-0.17∗	-0.15	-0.16∗	-0.24∗∗	-0.13
Work Experience	6.96	4.79		0.63∗∗		-0.17∗∗	0.02	-0.38∗∗	1	-0.23∗∗	-0.18∗	-0.10	-0.21∗∗	-0.05	-0.09
TRF	3.19	0.70	0.95	-0.002		-0.09	-0.03	-0.10	-0.01	1	0.51∗∗	-0.26∗∗	0.52∗∗	0.53∗∗	0.41∗∗
TRA	3.13	0.61	0.84	0.03		-0.14∗	-0.01	-0.22∗∗	-0.10	0.84∗∗	1	0.25∗∗	0.16	0.31∗∗	0.36∗∗
LAF	2.73	0.88	0.79	0.07		-0.01	0.07	-0.16∗∗	0.068	0.06	0.35∗∗	1	-0.21∗	-0.16∗	-0.14
WE	4.62	1.02	0.93	0.11		-0.18∗∗	0.05	-0.22∗∗	0.11	0.59∗∗	0.57∗∗	0.13∗	1	0.57∗∗	0.46∗∗
IWB	4.42	1.10	0.94	0.10		-0.17∗∗	0.02	-0.19∗∗	0.06	0.71∗∗	0.68∗∗	0.17∗∗	0.66∗∗	1	0.53∗∗
WP	4.87	1.03	0.86	0.13∗		-0.04	-0.03	-0.10	0.10	0.42∗∗	0.41∗∗	-0.04	0.54∗∗	0.57∗∗	1

Notes: ∗p < .05, ∗∗p < .01 (two tailed).

The coding scheme was as follows: Gender: 1 = male, 2 = female; Education: 1 = diploma, 2 = BSc, 3 = MSc, 4 = PhD; work position: 1 = director/division head/assistant head, 2 = team leader, 3 = staff.

TRF - transformational, TRA - transactional, LAF - laissez-faire, WE - work engagement, IWB - innovative work behavior, TP - task performance.

Values below the diagonals are correlation coefficients for the South Korean sample, while those above the diagonals are values for the Ethiopian sample, along with internal consistency measures (Cronbach's alpha values).