Table 4.
Risk factor characteristics for studies for readmissions for THA.
| Predictors (level) | Unit of measure & comparison | Effect Size [CI] (wrt reference)a,b | Study |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age (patient) | 70-79/≥90 years | OR: 1.35 [1.09–1.67] (≥90 wrt 70-79) | (Basques, Bohl et al., 2015) |
| Age (patient) | ≤55/56-65/66-75/≥76 years | OR: 2.02 [1.14–3.60] (≥76 wrt ≤ 55) | (Clement, Derman et al., 2013) |
| Age (patient) | 65-74/75-84/85+ years | RR: 1.45 [1.08–1.94] (75-84 wrt 65-74) RR: 1.79 [1.08–2.10] (85+ wrt 65-74) |
(Higuera, Elsharkawy et al., 2011)-a |
| Age (patient) | 65-74/75-84/85+ years | RR: 1.43 [1.14–1.80] (75-84 wrt 65-74) RR: 1.25 [0.79–1.98] (85+ wrt 65-74) |
(Higuera, Elsharkawy et al., 2011)-b |
| Age (patient) | Continuous years | OR: 1.06 [1.02–1.06] | (Khan, Hossain et al., 2012) |
| Age (patient) | <45/46-55/56-65/66-75/76-85/>85 years | OR: 2.59 [1.44–4.67] (<45 wrt 56-65) OR: 1.42 [1.08–1.85] (76-85 wrt 56-65) OR: 1.79 [1.09–2.97] (>85 wrt 56-65) |
(Pugely, Callaghan et al., 2013)-b |
| Age (patient) | 50-59/60-69/70-79/>80 | OR: 1.40 [0.72–2.69] (50-59 wrt <50) OR: 1.66 [0.87–3.16] (60-69 wrt <50) OR: 2.33 [1.18–4.59] (70-79 wrt <50) OR: 4.17 [1.18–4.59] (>80 wrt <50) |
(Sher, Keswani et al., 2017) |
| Age (patient) | 21-30/31-40/41-50/51-60/61-70/71-80/81-90/>90 years | OR: 1.46 [1.17–1.82] (21-30 wrt 41-50) OR: 0.99 [0.85–1.15] (31-40 wrt 41-50) OR: 0.91 [0.84–0.98] (51-60 wrt 41-50) OR: 0.98 [0.91–1.06] (61-70 wrt 41-50) OR: 1.37 [1.28–1.47] (71-80 wrt 41-50) OR: 1.97 [1.82–2.13] (81-90 wrt 41-50) OR: 2.22 [1.87–2.63] (>90 wrt 41-50) |
(Siracuse and Chamberlain 2016) |
| Age (patient) | Continuous years | OR: 1.11 [1.07–1.14] | (Sofu, Üçpunar et al., 2017) |
| Age (patient) | <60/60-75/>75 years | HR: 4.2 (60-75 wrt <60) HR: 10.6 (>75 wrt <60) | (Weiss, Garellick et al., 2016) |
| Age (patient) | Continuous years | OR: 1.56 [1.27–1.92] | (Yao, Keswani et al., 2016)-a |
| BMI - obesity (patient) | <30/> = 30 kg/m2 | OR: 1.15 [1.09–1.21] (≥30 wrt <30) | (Siracuse and Chamberlain 2016) |
| BMI (patient) | <18/18-25/25-30/30-35/≥35 kg/m2 | OR: 1.73 [1.24–2.44] (≥35 wrt 18-25) | (Basques, Bohl et al., 2015) |
| BMI (patient) | <25/25-<30/30-<35/> = 35 kg/m2 | OR: 2.28 [1.27–4.09] (≥35 wrt <25) | (Clement, Derman et al., 2013) |
| BMI (patient) | <18.5/25-<30/30-<35/35-40/>40 kg/m2 | OR: 1.94 [1.02–3.70] (≥40 wrt <18.5) | (Mednick, Alvi et al., 2014) |
| BMI (patient) | <35/>35 kg/m2 | OR: 1.47 [1.11–1.97] (>35 wrt <35) | (Pugely, Callaghan et al., 2013)-a |
| BMI (patient) | <40/>40 kg/m2 | OR: 2.11 [1.19–3.72] (>40 wrt <40) | (Shah, Keswani et al., 2017) |
| BMI (patient) | BMI > 40 kg/m2 | OR: 1.25 [0.73–2.16] (BMI >40 wrt no) | (Sher, Keswani et al., 2017) |
| BMI (patient) | BMI > 40 kg/m2 | OR: 1.47 [1.23–1.74] (Yes wrt No) | (Yao, Keswani et al., 2016)-a |
| BMI (patient) | Obesity as BMI > 45 kg/m2 (% readmitted) | 11.3% | (Schroer, Diesfield et al., 2018) |
| Race (patient) | African/White | OR: 0.66 [0.48–0.91] (White wrt African) | (Zmistowski, Restrepo et al., 2013) |
| Race (patient) | White/African/Hispanic-Asian-Native (Other) | OR: 1.23 [1.15–1.31] (African wrt White) OR: 1.02 [0.97–1.08] (Other wrt White) |
(Siracuse and Chamberlain 2016) |
| Race (patient) | White/African/Hispanic/Asian/Native | OR: 1.48 [1.34–1.62] (African wrt White) OR: 0.79 [0.67–0.93] (Asian wrt White) |
(Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| Race (patient) | Latino/non-Latino | OR: 5.78 [4.04–7.52] (Latino wrt non-Latino) | (Swenson, Bastian et al., 2018)-a |
| Race (patient) | Latino/non-Latino | OR: 9.09 [7.16–11.02] (Latino wrt non-Latino) | (Swenson, Bastian et al., 2018)-b |
| Sex (patient) | Male/Female | OR: 1.36 [1.05–1.75] (Male wrt Female) | (Zmistowski, Restrepo et al., 2013) |
| Sex (patient) | Male/Female | OR: 1.40 [1.20–1.63] (Male wrt Female) | (Basques, Bohl et al., 2015) |
| Sex (patient) | Male/Female | OR: 1.25 [1.03–1.53] (Male wrt Female) | (Pugely, Callaghan et al., 2013)-b |
| Sex (patient) | Male/Female | OR: 0.96 [0.93–0.99] (Female wrt Male) | (Siracuse and Chamberlain 2016) |
| Sex (patient) | Male/Female | OR: 2.78 [1.76–3.80] (Female wrt Male) | (Swenson, Bastian et al., 2018)-b |
| Administrative | |||
| Admission source (system) | Home/Non-home | OR: 2.36 [1.19–4.66] (Non-home wrt Home) | (Khan, Hossain et al., 2012) |
| Disposition (system) | Home/IRF | OR: 1.99 [1.50–2.64] (IRF wrt Home) | (Zmistowski, Restrepo et al., 2013) |
| Disposition (system) | Home/Non-home facility | OR: 1.42 [1.08–1.86] (Non-home facility wrt Home) | (Basques, Bohl et al., 2015) |
| Disposition (system) | Home/SNF/ALF | OR: 1.71 [0.35–0.98] (Non-home wrt Home) | (Heyes, Tucker et al., 2015) |
| Disposition (system) | Other location (than home): Yes/No | OR: 7.72 [5.87–9.57] (Yes wrt No) | (Swenson, Bastian et al., 2018)-a |
| Disposition (system) | Other location (than home): Yes/No | OR: 8.90 [6.74–11.06] (Yes wrt No) | (Swenson, Bastian et al., 2018)-b |
| Distance to facility (patient) | Continuous kilometers | OR: 0.52 [0.40–0.66] | (Zmistowski, Restrepo et al., 2013) |
| Income (patient) | First/Second/Third/Fourth quartile | OR: 1.18 [1.12–1.24] (First wrt Fourth) OR: 1.07 [1.02–1.12] (Second wrt Fourth) OR: 1.03 [0.99–1.08] (Third wrt Fourth) |
(Siracuse and Chamberlain 2016) |
| Insurance (patient) | Private/Medicare/Medicaid/Other | OR: 1.21 [1.15–1.27] (Medicare wrt Private) OR: 1.68 [1.47–1.92] (Medicaid wrt Private) OR: 1.26 [1.04–1.54] (Other wrt Private) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| LOS (patient) | Continuous days | OR: 10.71 [5.68–20.19] | (Zmistowski, Restrepo et al., 2013) |
| LOS (patient) | Continuous days | OR: 1.09 [1.03–1.16] | (Clement, Derman et al., 2013) |
| LOS (patient) | Continuous days | OR: 0.95 [0.88–1.02] | (Mednick, Alvi et al., 2014) |
| LOS (patient) | ≤5/>5 days | HR: 3.26 [2.1–5.1] (>5 wrt ≤ 5) | (Schairer, Sing et al., 2014) |
| LOS (patient) | <7/> = 7 days | OR: 3.13 [0.12–0.62] (≥7 wrt <7) | (Heyes, Tucker et al., 2015) |
| Preoperative stay >24 h (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.45 [0.77–2.71] (Yes wrt No) | (Mednick, Alvi et al., 2014) |
| Time to surgery (system) | <36 h/>36 h | OR: 1.62 [0.16–2.45] (>36 wrt <36) | (Heyes, Tucker et al., 2015) |
| Type of anesthesia (provider) | Spinal/Other | RR: 0.65 [0.51–0.81] (Spinal wrt Other) | (Higuera, Elsharkawy et al., 2011)-b |
| Type of surgery (patient) | THA/TKA | OR: 2.64 [1.84–3.44] (THA wrt TKA) | (Swenson, Bastian et al., 2018)-a |
| Type of surgery (patient) | THA/TKA | OR: 3.04 [2.14–3.94] (THA wrt TKA) | (Swenson, Bastian et al., 2018)-b |
| Type of surgery - revision (provider) | Primary/Revision/AS THA | HR: 1.84 [1.2–2.9] (Revision wrt Primary) HR: 1.85 [1.0–3.5] (AS wrt Primary) |
(Schairer, Sing et al., 2014) |
| Type of surgery - revision (provider) | Primary/Revision THA | OR: 1.82 [1.75–1.90] (Revision wrt Primary) | (Siracuse and Chamberlain 2016) |
| Type of surgery - use of specific prosthesis (provider) | DHS/CN/HA THA | OR: 1.51 [0.41–1.08] (CN wrt DHS) OR: 3.10 [0.19–1.80] (HA or THA wrt DHS) |
(Heyes, Tucker et al., 2015) |
| Type of surgery - procedure (provider) | IMN/HA/ORIF/Total THA | OR: 1.3 [1.1–1.5] (HA wrt IMN) OR: 1.2 [1.1–1.4] (ORIF wrt IMN) OR: 1.4 [1.1–1.9] (Total wrt IMN) |
(Martin, Gao et al., 2016) |
| Clinical | |||
| Fracture etiology (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.71 [1.25–2.34] (Yes wrt No) | (Yao, Keswani et al., 2016)-a |
| Hemoglobin level drop (patient) | <2/≥2 g/dL | OR: 1.29 [0.49–1.25] | (Heyes, Tucker et al., 2015) |
| MELD score = 10 x [(0.957 x Ln serum creatinine) + (0.378 x Ln serum total bilirubin) + (1.12 Ln INR) + 0.643] (patient) | Continuous | OR: 2.99 [1.28–7.00] | (Tiberi, Hansen et al., 2014) |
| Preoperative serum albumin level (patient) | Continuous g/dL | OR: 0.69 [0.48–0.99] | (Mednick, Alvi et al., 2014) |
| Transfusion status (patient) | ≥ 2 units: Yes/No | OR: 1.85 [0.49–7.05] (Yes wrt No) | (Heyes, Tucker et al., 2015) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Alcohol abuse (patient) | None/Alcoholic | OR: 1.52 [0.26–1.67] (Alcoholic wrt None) | (Heyes, Tucker et al., 2015) |
| Anemia (patient) | Hemoglobin <10 g/dL (% readmitted) | 20% | (Schroer, Diesfield et al., 2018) |
| Anemia (patient) | HCT ≤ 36/>36: Yes/No | OR: 1.2 [1.1–1.4] (Yes wrt No) | (Martin, Gao et al., 2016) |
| Anemia (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.19 [1.15–1.25] (Yes wrt No) | (Siracuse and Chamberlain 2016) |
| Arrhythmia (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.47 [1.36–1.60] (Yes wrt No) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| Arthritis (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.22 [1.09–1.36] (Yes wrt No) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| ASA class (patient) | Class 1 or 2/Class 3 or 4 | OR: 1.42 [1.01–2.00] (ASA class 3 or 4 wrt ASA class 1 or 2) | (Sher, Keswani et al., 2017) |
| ASA class (patient) | Class 3 or 4 | OR: 1.69 [1.50–1.89] (Yes wrt No) | (Yao, Keswani et al., 2016)-a |
| ASA class (patient) | Class4/Class 3/Class 1-2 | OR: 1.95 [1.48–2.57] (3 wrt 1-2) OR: 2.74 [1.48–5.08] (4 wrt 1-2) |
(Pugely, Callaghan et al., 2013)-a |
| ASA class (patient) | Class 3/Class 4/Class 1-2 | OR: 1.40 [1.09–1.79] (3 wrt 1-2) OR: 1.90 [1.41–2.51] (4 wrt 1-2) |
(Basques, Bohl et al., 2015) |
| ASA class (patient) | 1/2/3/4 | OR: 3.68 [0.06–1.15] (2 wrt 1) OR: 1.95 [0.18–1.48] (3 wrt 1) OR: 2.14 [0.16–1.34] (4 wrt 1) |
(Heyes, Tucker et al., 2015) |
| ASA class (patient) | Class 3/Class4/Class 1-2 | OR: 1.5 [1.2–1.7] (3 wrt 1-2) OR: 1.7 [1.4–2.1] (4 wrt 1-2) |
(Martin, Gao et al., 2016) |
| ASA class (patient) | Class 3-4/not 3-4 | OR: 1.71 [1.19–2.46] (3-4 wrt not 3-4) | (Shah, Keswani et al., 2017) |
| ASA class (patient) | Class 3-4/not 3-4 | OR: 2.85 [1.47–5.52] (3-4 wrt not 3-4) | (Sofu, Üçpunar et al., 2017) |
| Atherosclerosis (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.31 [1.18–1.45] (Yes wrt No) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| Avascular necrosis etiology (patient) | Relative to osteoarthritis or other etiology: Yes/No | OR: 1.55 [1.25–1.92] (Yes wrt No) | (Yao, Keswani et al., 2016)-a |
| Bleeding disorder (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.76 [1.38–2.26] (Yes wrt No) | (Yao, Keswani et al., 2016)-a |
| Bleeding disorder (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 2.10 [1.32–3.37] (Yes wrt No) | (Pugely, Callaghan et al., 2013)-a |
| Bleeding disorder (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.51 [0.75–3.03] (Yes wrt No) | (Mednick, Alvi et al., 2014) |
| Bleeding disorder (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.3 [1.1–1.5] (Yes wrt No) | (Martin, Gao et al., 2016) |
| Bleeding disorder (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.19 [1.08–1.32] (Yes wrt No) | (Siracuse and Chamberlain 2016) |
| Bleeding disorders (patient) | Current bleeding-causing disorder: Yes/No | OR: 2.56 [1.22–5.38] (Yes wrt No) | (Sher, Keswani et al., 2017) |
| Cancer - disseminated (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.5 [1.1–2.0] (Yes wrt No) | (Martin, Gao et al., 2016) |
| Cancer - disseminated (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.93 [1.01–3.68] (Yes wrt No) | (Shah, Keswani et al., 2017) |
| Cancer (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.26 [1.05–1.51] (Yes wrt No) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| Cardiac disease (patient) | Chronic heart failure in 30 days prior to surgery, myocardial infarction within 6 months of surgery, previous percutaneous coronary intervention, or history of angina within 1 month of surgery (yes/no) | OR: 1.44 [0.73–2.84] (Yes wrt No) | (Sher, Keswani et al., 2017) |
| Cardiac valve disease (patient) | Yes/No | HR: 2.5[1.3–5.1] (Yes wrt No) | (Schairer, Sing et al., 2014) |
| CCI (patient) | Index between 0 and 8 | RR: 1.17 [1.07–1.28] (Per index point increase) | (Higuera, Elsharkawy et al., 2011)-a |
| CCI (patient) | Index between 0 and 8 | RR: 1.18 [1.11–1.26] (Per index point increase) | (Higuera, Elsharkawy et al., 2011)-b |
| CCI (patient) | 0/2/>2 | HR: 3.4 (>2 wrt 0) | (Weiss, Garellick et al., 2016) |
| Chronic heart failure (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 2.41 [1.30–4.49] (Yes wrt No) | (Yao, Keswani et al., 2016)-a |
| Congestive heart failure (patient) | Yes/No | RR: 2.93 [1.07–8.05] (Yes wrt No) | (Higuera, Elsharkawy et al., 2011)-a |
| Congestive heart failure (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.54 [1.39–1.71] (Yes wrt No) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| Congestive heart failure (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.49 [1.38–1.61] (Yes wrt No) | (Siracuse and Chamberlain 2016) |
| COPD (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.36 [0.76–2.44] (Yes wrt No) | (Mednick, Alvi et al., 2014) |
| COPD (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.45 [1.34–1.56] (Yes wrt No) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| COPD (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.3 [1.1–1.5] (Yes wrt No) | (Martin, Gao et al., 2016) |
| COPD (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.33 [1.27–1.39] (Yes wrt No) | (Siracuse and Chamberlain 2016) |
| Decubitus ulcer (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.61 [1.18–2.20] (Yes wrt No) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| Depression (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 3.48 [1.43–8.51] (Yes wrt No) | (Ricciardi, Oi et al., 2017) |
| Diabetes - uncomplicated (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.21 [1.16–1.27] (Yes wrt No) | (Siracuse and Chamberlain 2016) |
| Diabetes - with complications (patient) | Yes/No | HR: 11.55 [3.6–36.8] (Yes wrt No) | (Schairer, Sing et al., 2014) |
| Diabetes (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.28 [0.82–2.01] (Yes wrt No) | (Sher, Keswani et al., 2017) |
| Diabetes (patient) | Uncontrolled status > 180 mg/dL blood glucose (% readmitted) | 11% | (Schroer, Diesfield et al., 2018) |
| Diabetes (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.21 [1.04–1.40] (Yes wrt No) | (Yao, Keswani et al., 2016)-a |
| Diabetes (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 3.34 [1.54–7.25] (Yes wrt No) | (Khan, Hossain et al., 2012) |
| Diabetes (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.24 [0.75–2.06] (Yes wrt No) | (Mednick, Alvi et al., 2014) |
| Diabetes (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.28 [1.19–1.38] (Yes wrt No) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| Diabetes (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.37 [0.98–1.93] (Yes wrt No) | (Shah, Keswani et al., 2017) |
| Dyspnea (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.3 [1.1–1.6] (Yes wrt No) | (Martin, Gao et al., 2016) |
| Fluid & electrolyte disorders (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.21 [1.14–1.27] (Yes wrt No) | (Siracuse and Chamberlain 2016) |
| Functional status (patient) | Dependency: Yes/No | OR: 1.47 [1.08–2.01] (Yes wrt No) | (Yao, Keswani et al., 2016)-a |
| Functional status (patient) | Dependent/Independent | OR: 1.78 [1.09–2.90] (Dependent wrt Independent) | (Pugely, Callaghan et al., 2013)-a |
| Functional status (patient) | Dependent/Partially Dependent/Independent | OR: 1.31 [1.11–1.54] (Partially Dependent wrt Independent) OR: 1.41 [1.01–1.97] (Dependent wrt Independent) |
(Basques, Bohl et al., 2015) |
| Functional status (patient) | Dependent/Independent | OR: 1.66 [1.10–2.50] (Dependent wrt Independent) | (Shah, Keswani et al., 2017) |
| Hematological disease (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 2.64 [1.88–3.73] (Yes wrt No) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| Hypertension (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.28 [0.91–1.79] (Yes wrt No) | (Sher, Keswani et al., 2017) |
| Hypertension (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 23.6 [22.4–24.8] (Yes wrt No) | (Swensen, Bastian et al., 2018)-b |
| Hypertension (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.22 [1.09–1.36] (Yes wrt No) | (Yao, Keswani et al., 2016)-a |
| Hypertension (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.26 [0.88–1.82] (Yes wrt No) | (Mednick, Alvi et al., 2014) |
| Hypertension (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.21 [1.02–1.45] (Yes wrt No) | (Basques, Bohl et al., 2015) |
| Hypertension (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.2 [1.1–1.4] (Yes wrt No) | (Martin, Gao et al., 2016) |
| Hypertension (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.17 [1.12–1.21] (Yes wrt No) | (Siracuse and Chamberlain 2016) |
| Ischemic heart disease/arrhythmia (patient) | Yes/No | RR: 1.60 [1.20–1.40] (Yes wrt No) | (Higuera, Elsharkawy et al., 2011)-a |
| Ischemic heart disease/arrhythmia (patient) | Yes/No | RR: 1.73 [1.36–2.21] (Yes wrt No) | (Higuera, Elsharkawy et al., 2011)-b |
| Ischemic heart disease/arrhythmia (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.84 [1.00–3.40] (Yes wrt No) | (Sofu, Üçpunar et al., 2017) |
| Liver disease (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.57 [1.39–1.77] (Yes wrt No) | (Siracuse and Chamberlain 2016) |
| Lymphoma (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 23.6 [22.25–24.95] (Yes wrt No) | (Swensen, Bastian et al., 2018)-b |
| Malnutrition (patient) | Albumin <3.4 g/dL (% readmitted) | 8.8% | (Schroer, Diesfield et al., 2018) |
| Narcotic use (patient) | Narcotic prescription filled within 3 months of surgery (% readmitted) | 10.7% | (Schroer, Diesfield et al., 2018) |
| Neurological disorder (patient) | History: Yes/No | OR: 5.66 [2.79–11.47] (Yes wrt No) | (Khan, Hossain et al., 2012) |
| Number of comorbidities (patient) | Continuous | OR: 1.53 [1.17–1.90] | (Swenson, Bastian et al., 2018)-a |
| Pneumonia (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.52 [1.08–2.12] (Yes wrt No) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| Preoperative corticosteroid use (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.64 [1.03–2.61] (Yes wrt No) | (Pugely, Callaghan et al., 2013)-a |
| Preoperative corticosteroid use (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 2.93 [1.73–4.95] (Yes wrt No) | (Mednick, Alvi et al., 2014) |
| Preoperative corticosteroid use (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.38 [1.04–1.83] (Yes wrt No) | (Basques, Bohl et al., 2015) |
| Preoperative corticosteroid use (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.86 [1.21–2.89] (Yes wrt No) | (Shah, Keswani et al., 2017) |
| Prior cardiac surgery (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.92 [0.71–5.22] (Yes wrt No) | (Mednick, Alvi et al., 2014) |
| Protein deficiency (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.99 [1.49–2.64] (Yes wrt No) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| Psychiatric disease (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.97 [1.65–2.35] (Yes wrt No) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| Pulmonary disease (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 8.83 [7.20–10.47] (Yes wrt No) | (Swenson, Bastian et al., 2018)-b |
| Pulmonary disease (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.36 [0.65–2.86] (Yes wrt No) | (Sher, Keswani et al., 2017) |
| Pulmonary disease (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.45 [1.17–1.80] (Yes wrt No) | (Yao, Keswani et al., 2016)-a |
| Pulmonary Disease (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.46 [1.22–1.75] (Yes wrt No) | (Basques, Bohl et al., 2015) |
| Renal disease (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.57 [1.39–1.76] (Yes wrt No) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| Renal failure - end stage disease (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 2.64 [1.81–3.85] (Yes wrt No) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| Renal failure (patient) | Yes/No (Creatinine > 1.2/≤1.2) | OR: 1.2 [1.1–1.4] (Yes wrt No) | (Martin, Gao et al., 2016) |
| Renal failure (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.26 [1.18–1.36] (Yes wrt No) | (Siracuse and Chamberlain 2016) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.19 [1.10–1.29] (Yes wrt No) | (Siracuse and Chamberlain 2016) |
| Severe adverse event pre-discharge (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.76 [1.11–2.78] (Yes wrt No) | (Yao, Keswani et al., 2016)-a |
| Severe pre-discharge adverse event (patient) | Wound infection, thromboembolic event, myocardial infarction, wound dehiscence, unplanned intubation, ventilator >48 h, renal insufficiency, renal failure, stroke/CVA, cardiac arrest requiring CPR, sepsis, septic shock, death: Yes/No | OR: 13.13 [5.1–33.79] (Yes wrt No) | (Sher, Keswani et al., 2017) |
| Smoking (patient) | Tobacco use: Yes/No (% readmitted) | 7.6% | (Schroer, Diesfield et al., 2018) |
| Smoking (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.62 [1.06–2.46] (Yes wrt No) | (Sher, Keswani et al., 2017) |
| Smoking (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.38 [1.20–1.58] (Yes wrt No) | (Yao, Keswani et al., 2016)-a |
| Smoking (patient) | None/Ex-smoker/Smoker | OR: 1.14 [0.64–2.00] (Ex-smoker wrt None) OR: 1.24 [0.56–2.73] (Smoker wrt None) |
(Heyes, Tucker et al., 2015) |
| Steroids (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.79 [0.86–3.74] (Yes wrt No) | (Sher, Keswani et al., 2017) |
| Steroids for chronic disease (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.43 [1.14–1.79] (Yes wrt No) | (Yao, Keswani et al., 2016)-a |
| Stroke (patient) | Yes/No | 3 OR:.75 [2.66–5.28] (Yes wrt No) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| Substance abuse (patient) | Yes/No | HR: 2.05 [0.9–4.8] (Yes wrt No) | (Schairer, Sing et al., 2014) |
| Vascular disease (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.48 [1.31–1.67] (Yes wrt No) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| Postoperative surgical complications | |||
| Deep venous thrombosis (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 14.37 [5.39–38.29] (Yes wrt No) | (Mednick, Alvi et al., 2014) |
| Infection (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 1.59 [1.05–2.38] (Yes wrt No) | (Stavrakis, SooHoo et al., 2015) |
| Pulmonary embolism (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 19.09 [5.82–62.65] (Yes wrt No) | (Mednick, Alvi et al., 2014) |
| Superficial surgical site infection (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 29.66 [14.43–60.96] (Yes wrt No) | (Mednick, Alvi et al., 2014) |
| Postoperative medical complications | |||
| Number of significant risk factors (patient) | 0/1/2/3/≥4 | OR: 1.22 [0.95–1.57] (1 wrt 0) p > 0.05 OR: 1.90 [1.51–2.40] (2 wrt 0) OR: 3.20 [2.54–4.02] (3 wrt 0) OR: 5.06 [4.01–6.38] (≥4 wrt 0) |
(Yao, Keswani et al., 2016)-a |
| Pneumonia (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 2.72 [0.67–11.05] (Yes wrt No) | (Mednick, Alvi et al., 2014) |
| Postoperative ICU stay (system) | Yes/No | OR: 2.09 [1.12–3.88] | (Sofu, Üçpunar et al., 2017) |
| Sepsis or septic shock (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 9.85 [3.39–28.64] (Yes wrt No) | (Mednick, Alvi et al., 2014) |
| Urinary tract infection (patient) | Yes/No | OR: 2.18 [0.90–5.31] (Yes wrt No) | (Mednick, Alvi et al., 2014) |
a: Effect size reported as Adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) or Hazards Ratio (HR) or Relative Risks Ratio (RR) typically at p < 0.05 (some ratios significant at higher p values reported by some authors); b: Odds ratio for continuous variables is reported as change in readmission odds for unit change in continuous variable; wrt: with respect to; ALF: Assisted Living Facility; AS: Antibiotic Spacer; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists patient fitness level before surgery; BMI: Body Mass Index; CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; CI: Confidence Interval; CN: Cephalomedullary Nail; COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; DHS: Dynamic Hip Screw; HA: Hemiarthroplasty; HCT: Hematocrit; HHC: Home Health Care; ICU: Intensive Care Unit; IMN: Intra-Medullary Nail; IRF: Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility; LOS: Length of Stay; MELD: Model for End-stage Liver Disease; ORIF: Open Reduction Internal Fixation; QOL: Quality of Life; SNF: Skilled Nursing Facility; TKA: Total Knee Arthroplasty; THA: Total Hip Arthroplasty.