Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| Factor | Overall | Cluster A | Cluster B | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 392 | 196 | 210 | |
| Age, years | 58 [45–68] | 54 [40–65] | 61 [50–71] | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 219 (55.9) | 113 (57.7) | 113 (53.8) | 0.484 |
| BSA, m2 | 2.02 [1.8–2.22] | 2.03 [1.84–2.23] | 1.97 [1.77–2.20] | 0.041 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.2 [25.7–36.0] | 29.9 [25.7–37.4] | 28.8 [25.7–33.8] | 0.113 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 148 (37.8) | 63 (32.1) | 90 (42.9) | 0.031 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 272 (69.4) | 133 (67.9) | 148 (70.5) | 0.592 |
| Cerebral vessel disease, n (%) | 46 (11.8) | 21 (10.7) | 25 (12.0) | 0.755 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 119 (30.4) | 50 (25.5) | 72 (34.3) | 0.065 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 50 (12.8) | 12 (6.1) | 42 (20.0) | <0.001 |
| NYHA ≥III, n (%) | 103 (26.3) | 37 (18.9) | 73 (34.8) | <0.001 |
| HF stages C or D, n (%) | 129 (32.9) | 56 (28.6) | 78 (37.1) | 0.073 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| IVSd, mm | 10 [9–12] | 10 [8–12] | 11 [9–13] | 0.005 |
| PWd, mm | 9 [8–11] | 9 [8–10] | 9 [8–11] | 0.068 |
| LVIDd, mm | 46 [42–51] | 46 [42–49] | 47 [42–52] | 0.036 |
| LVIDs, mm | 32 [28–37] | 31 [28–35] | 34 [29–40] | <0.001 |
| LVEDVi, mL/m2 | 52 [43–64] | 50 [41–60] | 56 [45–68] | <0.001 |
| LVESVi, mL/m2 | 21 [15–28] | 19 [15–26] | 22 [16–33] | <0.001 |
| LA volume index, mL/m2 | 25 [20–35] | 23 [18–32] | 28 [21–41] | <0.001 |
| LV mass index, mg/m2 | 76 [59–101] | 72 [56–90] | 82 [64–112] | <0.001 |
| E wave velocity, m/s | 0.84 [0.69–0.96] | 0.81 [0.69–0.94] | 0.87 [0.70–1.01] | 0.057 |
| A wave velocity, m/s | 0.70 [0.54–0.89] | 0.70 [0.53–0.89] | 0.70 [0.55–0.90] | 0.897 |
| E / A ratio | 1.14 [0.85–1.55] | 1.11 [0.85–1.51] | 1.16 [0.84–1.56] | 0.720 |
| e', cm/s | 8.1 [6.0–10.5] | 8.5 [7.0–10.7] | 7.6 [5.5–10.5] | 0.001 |
| E / e' | 9.3 [7.2–14.5] | 9.0 [7.2–12] | 10.1 [7.7–17.2] | 0.003 |
| LVEF, % | 60 [53–65] | 61 [55–65] | 59 [46–65] | 0.011 |
| GLS, absolute % | 19.3 [15.7–22.0] | 20.2 [18.1–23.5] | 17.3 [12.5–20.4] | <0.001 |
| LV hypertrophy, n (%) | 84 (21.4) | 23 (11.7) | 63 (30.0) | <0.001 |
| LV diastolic function, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| normal | 188 (49.3) | 120 (61.9) | 74 (36.8) | |
| grade 1 | 29 (7.6) | 10 (5.2) | 20 (10.0) | |
| grade 2 | 63 (16.5) | 22 (11.3) | 45 (22.4) | |
| grade 3 | 34 (8.9) | 8 (4.1) | 27 (13.4) | |
| indeterminate | 61 (16.0) | 31 (16.0) | 32 (15.9) | |
| indeterminate grade | 6 (1.6) | 3 (1.5) | 3 (1.5) |
BSA, body surface area; BMI, body mass index; NYHA, New York Heart Association; HF, heart failure; IVSd, interventricular septum thickness in diastole; PWd, posterior wall thickness in diastole; LVIDd, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVIDs, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVEDVi, left ventricular end-diastolic volume index; LVESVi, left ventricular end-systolic volume index; LA, left atrial; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; GLS, global longitudinal strain.