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. 2020 Apr 7;5(3):468–485. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.03.010

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

An example of a typical commercially available ES system for in vitro cell culture experiments. Carbon electrodes deploy the applied potential to cells on a substrate in the tissue culture plates and the power module allows different treatment conditions. Many researchers and laboratories continue to use custom built stimulators and parameters to study cell-material interactions and phenotype development under the influence of ES.