Fig. 8.

Optical micrographs elucidating the changes in cell morphology in response to chemical (nerve growth factor; NGF) and electrical stimulation (ES) in vitro. (A) Human mesenchymal stem cells change into elongated branching cells with ES treatment while untreated cells (negative control) do not. Chemical treatment in the form of NGF also induced an elongated branched morphology (positive control). (B) Quantified length of cells at day 10 showing ES and NGF cells with greater cell length compared to untreated control cells. (C) Quantified width of cells at day 10 showing ES and NGF cells have smaller width than untreated cells [33].