Table 1.
Virus detection in ovarian cancer.
| Histology of Tumors a | Prevalence; n (%) | Virus | Detection Method | Reference | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epithelial ovarian adenocarcinoma, Epithelial ovarian tumor of low malignant potential, Epithelial ovarian adenoma |
0/18 (0) | HPV6, 16, 18, 31, 35 | Southern hybridization | Leake, J. F.; et al. [57] | 1989 |
| HPV6, 11 | PCR | ||||
| Serous OC | 1/7 (14.28) | HPV16, 18 | PCR (E6 gene), Southern hybridization | Lai, C. H.; et al. [58] | 1992 |
| Mucinous OC | 1/3 (33.3) | ||||
| Mixed (serous+mucinous OC) | 1/1 (100) | HPV18 | |||
| Serous, Endometrioid, Mixed Undifferentiated, Clear cell, Malignant mixed Mullerian tumor with heterologous elements | 0/28 | HPV16, 18 | PCR (L1 and E6 genes), dot blot | Runnebaum, I. B.; et al. [59] | 1995 |
| Serous, Mucinous, Endometrioid, Clear cell, Brenner, Mixed epithelial, Unclassified epithelial | 0/98 | LR-HPV types (6, 11, 42, 44, 51, 53, 54, 55, 67, 68, 70) and HR-HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 54, 56, 58, 66) |
PCR (L1 gene), ISH | Anttila, M.; et al. [60] | 1999 |
| EOC | 26/50 (52) 18/50 (36) |
HPV16 | ISH (E6 gene) IHC (E6) |
Wu, Q. J.; et al. [61] | 2003 |
| Malignant ovarian tumor | 15/40 (37.5) | Not specified | ISH, IHC | Kuscu, E.; et al. [62] | 2005 |
| Benign ovarian tumor | 9/32 (28.1) | ||||
| Serous cystadenocarcinoma | 8/76 (10.5) | HPV16, 33 | PCR (L1 gene); DNA sequencing | Atalay, F.; et al. [63] | 2007 |
| Epithelial ovarian neoplasms | 3/71 (4.2) | Not specified | PCR (L1 gene) | Giordano, G.; et al. [64] | 2008 |
| Serous adenocarcinoma | 3/12 (25) | HPV6 | Nested PCR (E6 and E7 genes) | Shanmughapriya, S.; et al. [65] | 2012 |
| Mucinous adenocarcinoma | 0/6 (0) | ||||
| Endometrioid adenocarcinoma | 3/6 (50) | ||||
| Borderline serous OC | 6/6 (100) | ||||
| Serous OC | 2/35 (5.7) | HPV16 | PCR (L1 gene); DNA sequencing | Malisic, E.; et al. [66] | 2012 |
| Mucinous OC | 1/2 (50) | ||||
| Endometrioid carcinoma | 1/7 (14.28) | ||||
| Ovarian carcinoma | 42/100 (42) | HPV16, 18, 45 | Nested PCR (L1 gene; DNA sequencing | Al-Shabanah, O. A.; et al. [67] | 2013 |
| Non-cancerous tissue surrounding tumor | 8/100 (8) | HPV6, 11 | |||
| EOC | 2/20 (10) | HPV16 | PCR (E6 gene) | Bilyk, O. O.; et al. [68] | 2014 |
| 2/20 (10) | HPV18 | ||||
| 4/20 (20) | HPV16/18 | ||||
| Serous, Endometrioid, Mucinous, Clear-cell | 1/191 (0.52) | HPV18 | qRT-PCR (E6/E7 genes) | Ingerslev, K.; et al. [69] | 2016 |
| EOC | 5/100 (5) 4/100 (4) 1/100 (1) |
HPV16 HPV18 HPV33 |
Nested PCR (L1 gene); DNA sequencing | Hassan, Z. K.; et al. [70] | 2017 |
| EOC | 40/99 (40.4) | HPV2, 4, 5, 6b, 7, 10, 16, 18, 32, 48, 49, 50, 60, 54, 92, 96, 101, 128, 129, 131, 132 | Microarray-based method, PathoChip Array |
Banerjee, S.; et al. [56] | 2017 |
| Non-cancerous tissue surrounding tumor | 20/20 (100) | HPV41, 88, 53, 103 | |||
| EOC | 19/27 (70.4) 2/27 (7.4) 1/27 (3.7) |
HPV16 HPV6 HPV45 |
Nested PCR (E6 gene); DNA sequencing | Paradowska, E.; et al. [71] | 2019 |
| Metastatic ovarian tumors | 4/ 4 (100) | HPV16 | |||
| Benign ovarian tumors | 2/8 (25) | ||||
| Serous adenocarcinoma | 6/12 (50) | CMV | Nested PCR (UL55 gene) | Shanmughapriya, S.; et al. [65] | 2012 |
| Mucinous adenocarcinoma | 3/6 (50) | ||||
| Endometrioid adenocarcinoma | 3/6 (50) | ||||
| Borderline serous OC | 3/6 (50) | ||||
| Serous adenocarcinoma and other histotypes | 34/45 (75.5) | CMV (IE) | IHC (IE and pp65) | Rådestad et al. [72] | 2018 |
| 11/42 (26.2) | CMV (pp65) | ||||
| Benign ovarian cystadenoma | 20/30 (67) | CMV (IE) | |||
| 4/29 (14) | CMV (pp65) | ||||
| HGSOC with prechemotherapy | 8/10 (80) | CMV (IE) | IHC (IE and pp65), ISH (DNA ß2.7) | Carlson et al. [73] | 2018 |
| 4/10 (40) | CMV (pp65) | ||||
| 3/3 (100) | CMV (DNA) | ||||
| HGSOC with neoadjuvant chemotherapy | 4/9 (44) | CMV (IE) | |||
| 5/8 (62.5) | CMV (pp65) | ||||
| 5/5 (100) | CMV (DNA) | ||||
| EOC Metastatic ovarian tumors Benign ovarian tumors |
19/27 (70.4) 4/4 (100) 0/8 (0) |
CMV | Nested-PCR (US28 gene), DNA sequencing | Paradowska, E.; et al. [71] | 2019 |
| Serous, mucinous, and endometrioid adenocarcinomas, clear–cell carcinomas | 1/191 (0.5) | CMV | qRT-PCR, DNA sequencing | Ingerslev, K.; et al [74] | 2019 |
| Ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma | 0/419 (0) | EBV | RNA-Seq | Khoury, J.; et al. [75] | 2013 |
| Serous OC | 38/487 (7.8) | EBV | miRNA expression, qRT-PCR | Pandya, D.; et al. [76] | 2014 |
| EOC | 0/27 (0) | EBV | qRT-PCR, nested PCR | Paradowska, E.; et al. [71] | 2019 |
| Serous, mucinous, and endometrioid adenocarcinomas, clear–cell carcinomas | 10/191 (5.2) | EBV | qRT-PCR, DNA sequencing, ISH | Ingerslev, K.; et al [74] | 2019 |
a Histology of tumors as originally described by cited authors; n, number of cases with the virus genotype; HPV, human papillomavirus; CMV, cytomegalovirus; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; qRT-PCR, quantitative-real-time PCR; ISH, In situ hybridization; IHC, immunohistochemistry; OC, ovarian cancer; EOC, epithelial ovarian cancer; HGSOC, high grade serous ovarian carcinoma.