Table 1.
Principal interactions between glioblastoma (GBM) cells and normal cell populations in the tumor microenvironment. EV: extracellular vesicle, EC: endothelial cell, GSC: glioma stem cell, and GA-hMSC: glioma-associated mesenchymal stem cell; (↑ increased; ↓ decreased).
| Intercellular Transfer | miRNA | Mechanism of Transportation | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GBM ↔ GBM | miR-5096 | Gap junctions | Invasion ↓ | [56] |
| GBM → Astrocyte | miR-5096 miR-4519 |
Gap junctions | Invasion ↑ | [57] |
| EC → GBM | miR-145-5p | Gap junctions | Proliferation ↓ | [46] |
| GBM → EC | miR-5096 | Gap junctions | Invasion ↑ Angiogenesis ↑ | [46] |
| GSC → EC | miR-21 | Exosomes | Angiogenesis ↑ | [58] |
| GA-hMSC → GSC | miR-1587 miR-3620-5p |
Exosomes | Proliferation ↑ | [59] |
| GBM → Microglia | miR-21 miR-451 |
EVs | Proliferation ↑ | [60] |
| GBM ↔ Macrophage | miR-21 | EVs | Invasion ↑ Proliferation ↑ Angiogenesis ↑ Resistance ↑ | [61,62] |