Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the signaling pathways that mediate the mitochondrial biogenesis. PGC-1, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor coactivator 1; NRF-1, nuclear respiratory factor 1; NRF-2, nuclear respiratory factor 2; MEF2, myocyte enhancer factor-2; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; PKA, protein kinase A; NO•, nitric oxide; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; CAMK, Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; p38, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; ASK-1, ETC, electron transport chain.