. 2020 Mar 20;9(3):252. doi: 10.3390/antiox9030252

Table 4.

Chlorophyll, lutein, β-carotene and ascorbate content of coriander, kohlrabi and pak choi substrates grown on natural fiber and synthetic substrates under a controlled environment. All data are expressed as mean ± standard error, n = 3.

Source of Variance	Total Chlorophyll (mg kg⁻¹ fw)	Lutein (mg kg⁻¹ dw)	β-Carotene (mg kg⁻¹ dw)	Total Ascorbic Acid (mg ascorbic acid kg⁻¹ dw)
Microgreens species (M)
Coriander	13.63 ± 0.38^a	98.6 ± 8.8^b	325.1 ± 38.1^a	121.40 ± 5.77^c
Kohlrabi	8.85 ± 0.37^b	73.2 ± 5.9^c	183.1 ± 15.5^c	199.87 ± 8.77^a
Pak choi	14.33 ± 0.59^a	122.6 ± 7.5^a	236.8 ± 19.0^b	177.12 ± 5.38^b
Substrate (S)
Agave fiber	12.59 ± 0.90^ab	109.5 ± 15.7^a	233.2 ± 31.6^b	179.79 ± 12.16^a
Capillary mat	13.13 ± 0.89^a	112.3 ± 9.8^a	351.1 ± 56.0^a	173.37 ± 13.46^a
Cellulose sponge	13.07 ± 1.17^a	70.4 ± 8.2^b	153.8 ± 11.0^c	187.39 ± 16.08^a
Coconut fiber	11.16 ± 0.89^b	103.3 ± 8.6^a	250.3 ± 28.9^b	150.35 ± 9.77^b
Peat moss	11.39 ± 1.17^b	95.1 ± 11.0^a	253.2 ± 23.9^b	139.75 ± 14.03^b
M × S
Coriander × Agave fiber	12.70 ± 1.04	121.0 ± 23.5	312.9 ± 36.0^bc	146.16 ± 3.23^bcd
Coriander × Capillary mat	15.03 ± 0.84	99.4 ± 15.8	533.3 ± 103.1^a	128.92 ± 4.93^cd
Coriander × Cellulose sponge	13.76 ± 0.24	57.8 ± 7.2	169.1 ± 18.6^def	128.01 ± 6.92^cd
Coriander × Coconut fiber	13.78 ± 0.18	120.4 ± 13.2	355.2 ± 25.4^b	116.41 ± 8.80^d
Coriander × Peat moss	12.89 ± 1.22	94.3 ± 19.3	255.0 ± 33.3^bcd	87.52 ± 7.88^e
Kohlrabi × Agave fiber	9.68 ± 0.32	58.0 ± 7.3	134.9 ± 16.7^ef	219.14 ± 19.37^a
Kohlrabi × Capillary mat	10.03 ± 0.99	101.9 ± 16.5	234.5 ± 29.3^bcd	217.77 ± 13.18^a
Kohlrabi × Cellulose sponge	9.35 ± 0.30	52.2 ± 4.2	122.6 ± 15.9^f	226.75 ± 11.88^a
Kohlrabi × Coconut fiber	7.85 ± 0.23	73.8 ± 6.5	180.8 ± 18.6^cde	158.42 ± 11.07^bc
Kohlrabi × Peat moss	7.34 ± 0.92	79.8 ± 8.2	242.7 ± 22.9^bcd	177.27 ± 7.44b
Pak choi × Agave fiber	15.40 ± 0.50	149.4 ± 13.3	252.0 ± 46.8^bcd	174.08 ± 5.81^b
Pak choi × Capillary mat	14.34 ± 0.77	135.5 ± 14.8	285.6 ± 24.9^bcd	173.42 ± 1.85^b
Pak choi × Cellulose sponge	16.09 ± 2.10	101.2 ± 3.6	169.6 ± 10.9^def	207.41 ± 13.28^a
Pak choi × Coconut fiber	11.86 ± 0.50	115.7 ± 4.7	214.9 ± 22.1^cde	176.22 ± 1.28^b
Pak choi × Peat moss	13.94 ± 1.19	111.2 ± 27.8	261.9 ± 71.7^bcd	154.45 ± 8.26^bc
Significance
Microgreens species (M)	***	***	***	***
Substrate (S)	*	**	***	***
M × S	ns	ns	*	*

ns, *, **, *** Nonsignificant or significant at p ≤ 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively. Different superscript letters (a–f) within each column indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple-range test (p = 0.05).