Table 4.
Instrumental techniques used to study the metal–protein interactions and their potential applications.
| Compounds | Form | Application | Analytical methods | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LTF | metalloprotein | regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress in vertebrates | AFM | [83] |
| α-LA | metalloprotein | nutrition of infants in a long breastfeeding stage | Native-PAGE; SEC-ICP-MS; MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS | [84] |
| LF | ||||
| serum albumin | ||||
| LTF | nanoparticles | gene delivery carrier with targeting abilities | TEM | [85] |
| WPI | nanoparticles | production of antimicrobial cotton fabrics | UV-Vis; TEM; SEM | [86] |
| LTF | nanoparticles | increased therapeutic efficacy of treatment of malignant melanoma | TEM; SEM; DLS; FT-IR | [87] |
| LTF | metallocomposites; nanoparticles | in medicine and food industry as an antimicrobial agent | MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS; ICP-MS; FT-IR; SERS; TEM; I-DE; zeta potential measurements | [47] |
| LTF | nanoparticles | drug delivery strategy against the neurotoxicity in dopaminergic neurons | FE-SEM; AFM; DLS | [88] |
| LTF | metalloprotein | a therapeutic lead for controlling neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) release in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases | TEM; SEM; fluorescence microscopy; agarose gel electrophoresis | [89] |
| IgA | metalloprotein | health and nutrition of breastfed newborns | ESI-MS/MS; FAAS | [90] |
| LTF | nanoparticles | target specific drug delivery, encapsulation of the drug | FE-SEM; AFM; FT-IR | [91] |
| LTF | nanoparticles | drug delivery for effective targeting therapy of brain glioma | Particle electrophoresis | [92] |
| BSA | ||||
| LTF | metalloprotein | antimicrobial biomaterials for dental applications | HPLC; SEM; XPS | [93] |
| LTF | metalloprotein | inhibition of the attachment of free HIV-1 to epithelial cells | ELISA; flow cytometry | [94] |
| LTF | Metalloprotein; metallocomplex | immobilized DNA effective for LTF purification | HPCEC; HPIMAC; HPLC; HPSEC; SDS-PAGE | [95] |